低碳污水微生物氮转化工艺研究进展

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2022-0076

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由于我国污水处理厂进水碳源不足，传统生物脱氮技术需补充碳源以满足脱氮要求，这额外增加了碳足迹和碳排放。碳中和背景下，低碳生物脱氮技术的发展为脱氮技术革新提供了基础。基于此，首先系统介绍了传统生物脱氮技术的原理及对应的功能微生物，分析了传统技术存在的问题；针对传统生物脱氮技术，提出添加新型碳源、调整工艺运行和挖掘内碳源等途径来提升脱氮效率。概述了几种低碳脱氮技术（短程硝化反硝化、同步硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、微生物电化学技术）的工艺特点和创新原理，并与传统工艺进行了比对。最后对目前污水厂的生物脱氮技术进行了总结和展望，以期能更好理解我国污水厂生物氮转化工艺。

关键词: 低碳源污水, 传统生物脱氮, 低碳脱氮技术

Abstract:

Due to the insufficient carbon source in the influent，China’s wastewater treatment plants need to add extra carbon sources in traditional biological denitrification technologies，which additionally increases the carbon footprint and carbon emissions. In the context of carbon neutrality，the development of low carbon biological nitrogen removal technologies provides the basis for nitrogen removal technology innovation. Based on this，the principles of traditional biological denitrification technology and the corresponding functional microorganisms were first systematically introduced，and the existing problems of traditional technology were analyzed. In view of the traditional biological nitrogen removal technology，the methods of adding new carbon source，adjusting process operation and exploring internal carbon source were proposed to improve nitrogen removal efficiency. The process characteristics and innovative principles of several low carbon denitrification technologies（short-cut nitrification and denitrification，synchronous nitrification and denitrification，anammox，microbial electrochemical technology） were summarized and compared with traditional processes. Finally，a summary and outlook of the current biological denitrification technology in wastewater plants was presented in order to better understand the progress of biological nitrogen conversion processes in wastewater plants.

Key words: low carbon source sewage, conventional biological denitrification, low carbon denitrification technologies

中图分类号:

X703.1

李瑞祥, 王鑫, 李田. 低碳污水微生物氮转化工艺研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2022, 42(6): 22-32.

Ruixiang LI, Xin WANG, Tian LI. Research progress on the microbial technology of nitrogen transformation from low carbon wastewater[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2022, 42(6): 22-32.

https://www.iwt.cn/CN/Y2022/V42/I6/22

图/表 4

图 1 传统生物脱氮过程及对应酶 AOA—氨氧化古菌；AOB—氨氧化细菌；NOB—亚硝酸盐氧化细菌；AMO—氨单加氧酶；HAO—羟胺氧化还原酶；NXR—亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶；NAR—膜结合型异化型硝酸盐还原酶；NAP—周质型异化型硝酸盐还原酶；NIR—亚硝酸盐还原酶；NOR—一氧化氮还原酶；NOS—一氧化二氮还原酶

Fig. 1 Conventional biological denitrification process and corresponding enzymes

图 2 短程硝化反硝化过程及对应酶

Fig. 2 Short-cut nitrification and denitrification process and corresponding enzymes

图 3 厌氧氨氧化过程及对应酶 HZS—联氨水解酶；HZO—联氨氧化酶

Fig. 3 Anammox process and corresponding enzymes

表1 新型脱氮技术与传统脱氮技术的比较

Table 1 Comparison of novel and conventional denitrification technologies

技术名称	传统硝化反硝化	短程硝化反硝化^〔87〕	同步硝化反硝化^〔88〕	厌氧氨氧化^〔89〕	微生物电化学系统脱氮^〔84〕
主要反应	NH₄ ⁺+2O₂ $→$ NO₃ ^-+2H⁺+H₂O； 6NO₃ ^-+5CH₃OH+CO₂ $→$ 3N₂+6HCO₃ ^-+7H₂O	2NH₄ ⁺+3O₂ $→$ 2NO₂ ^-+4H⁺+2H₂O； 6NO₂ ^-+3CH₃OH+3CO₂ $→$ 3N₂+6HCO₃ ^-+3H₂O	NH₄ ⁺+2O₂ $→$ NO₃ ^-+2H⁺+H₂O； 6NO₃ ^-+5CH₃OH+CO₂ $→$ 3N₂+6HCO₃ ^-+7H₂O	NH₄ ⁺+1.14HCO₃ ^-+0.85O₂ $→$ 0.43NH₄ ⁺+0.57NO₂ ^-+1.14CO₂+1.71H₂O； NH₄ ⁺+1.32NO₂ ^-+0.066HCO₃ ^-+0.13H⁺ $→$ 1.02N₂+0.26NO₃ ^-+0.066CH₂O_0.5N_0.15+2.03H₂O	阳极：NH₄ ⁺+1.32NO₂ ^-+0.066HCO₃ ^-+0.13H⁺ $→$ 1.02N₂+0.26NO₃ ^-+2.03H₂O+0.066CH₂O_0.5N_0.15； 8NO₃ ^-+5CH₃COO^- $→$ 4N₂+10CO₂+13OH^-+H₂O；阴极：NH₄ ⁺+2O₂ $→$ NO₃ ^-+2H⁺+H₂O； C₆H₁₂O₆+3NO₃ ^-+6H⁺ $→$ 6CO₂+3NH₄ ⁺+3H₂O
运行条件	分段好氧+缺氧	好氧+缺氧	缺氧	缺氧	视污染物而定
电子供体	碳源	碳源	碳源	氨氮	氨氮/电极
碳源降低程度	—	降低40%	降低35%	降低80%	不需额外添加
能耗降低程度	—	降低40%	降低30%	降低60%	—
剩余污泥产量	高	降低30%	降低30%	降低90%	—
主要参与微生物	AOB，NOB，异养菌	AOB，异养菌	AOB，NOB，异养菌	厌氧氨氧化菌	电活性微生物，厌氧氨氧化菌
缺点	碳源需求较高	工艺参数和环境条件影响要求高	工艺参数和环境条件影响要求高	微生物的生长环境要求较高	多为实验室规模，电极和膜材料成本高

表1 新型脱氮技术与传统脱氮技术的比较

Table 1 Comparison of novel and conventional denitrification technologies

技术名称	传统硝化反硝化	短程硝化反硝化^〔87〕	同步硝化反硝化^〔88〕	厌氧氨氧化^〔89〕	微生物电化学系统脱氮^〔84〕
主要反应	NH₄ ⁺+2O₂ $→$ NO₃ ^-+2H⁺+H₂O； 6NO₃ ^-+5CH₃OH+CO₂ $→$ 3N₂+6HCO₃ ^-+7H₂O	2NH₄ ⁺+3O₂ $→$ 2NO₂ ^-+4H⁺+2H₂O； 6NO₂ ^-+3CH₃OH+3CO₂ $→$ 3N₂+6HCO₃ ^-+3H₂O	NH₄ ⁺+2O₂ $→$ NO₃ ^-+2H⁺+H₂O； 6NO₃ ^-+5CH₃OH+CO₂ $→$ 3N₂+6HCO₃ ^-+7H₂O	NH₄ ⁺+1.14HCO₃ ^-+0.85O₂ $→$ 0.43NH₄ ⁺+0.57NO₂ ^-+1.14CO₂+1.71H₂O； NH₄ ⁺+1.32NO₂ ^-+0.066HCO₃ ^-+0.13H⁺ $→$ 1.02N₂+0.26NO₃ ^-+0.066CH₂O_0.5N_0.15+2.03H₂O	阳极：NH₄ ⁺+1.32NO₂ ^-+0.066HCO₃ ^-+0.13H⁺ $→$ 1.02N₂+0.26NO₃ ^-+2.03H₂O+0.066CH₂O_0.5N_0.15； 8NO₃ ^-+5CH₃COO^- $→$ 4N₂+10CO₂+13OH^-+H₂O；阴极：NH₄ ⁺+2O₂ $→$ NO₃ ^-+2H⁺+H₂O； C₆H₁₂O₆+3NO₃ ^-+6H⁺ $→$ 6CO₂+3NH₄ ⁺+3H₂O
运行条件	分段好氧+缺氧	好氧+缺氧	缺氧	缺氧	视污染物而定
电子供体	碳源	碳源	碳源	氨氮	氨氮/电极
碳源降低程度	—	降低40%	降低35%	降低80%	不需额外添加
能耗降低程度	—	降低40%	降低30%	降低60%	—
剩余污泥产量	高	降低30%	降低30%	降低90%	—
主要参与微生物	AOB，NOB，异养菌	AOB，异养菌	AOB，NOB，异养菌	厌氧氨氧化菌	电活性微生物，厌氧氨氧化菌
缺点	碳源需求较高	工艺参数和环境条件影响要求高	工艺参数和环境条件影响要求高	微生物的生长环境要求较高	多为实验室规模，电极和膜材料成本高

参考文献 89

1	戴晓虎，张辰，章林伟，等. 碳中和背景下污泥处理处置与资源化发展方向思考［J］. 给水排水，2021，57（3）：1-5. doi:10.13789/j.cnki.wwe1964.2021.03.001
	DAI Xiaohu， ZHANG Chen， ZHANG Linwei，et al. Thoughts on the development direction of sludge treatment and resource recovery under the background of carbon neutrality［J］. Water & Wastewater Engineering，2021，57（3）：1-5. doi:10.13789/j.cnki.wwe1964.2021.03.001
2	LOOSDRECHT M C M VAN， BRDJANOVIC D. Anticipating the next century of wastewater treatment［J］. Science，2014，344（6191）：1452-1453. doi:10.1126/science.1255183
3	NGUYEN H D， BABEL S. Insights on microbial fuel cells for sustainable biological nitrogen removal from wastewater：A review［J］. Environmental Research，2022，204：112095. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112095
4	MCCARTY P L. What is the best biological process for nitrogen removal：When and why？［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2018，52（7）：3835-3841. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b05832
5	CAO Shenbin， DU Rui， PENG Yongzhen，et al. Novel two stage partial denitrification（PD）-Anammox process for tertiary nitrogen removal from low carbon/nitrogen（C/N） municipal sewage［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2019，362：107-115. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2018.12.160
6	HU Haidong， SHI Yuanji， LIAO Kewei，et al. Effect of temperature on the characterization of soluble microbial products in activated sludge system with special emphasis on dissolved organic nitrogen［J］. Water Research，2019，162：87-94. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.034
7	THAKUR I S， MEDHI K. Nitrification and denitrification processes for mitigation of nitrous oxide from waste water treatment plants for biovalorization：Challenges and opportunities［J］. Bioresource Technology，2019，282：502-513. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.069
8	KUYPERS M M M， MARCHANT H K， KARTAL B. The microbial nitrogen-cycling network［J］. Nature Reviews Microbiology，2018，16（5）：263-276. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2018.9
9	SATO Y， TANAKA E， HORI T，et al. Efficient conversion of organic nitrogenous wastewater to nitrate solution driven by comammox Nitrospira ［J］. Water Research，2021，197：117088. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117088
10	芮传芳. 脱氮微生物的筛选及其脱氮性能研究［D］. 合肥：安徽大学，2011.
	RUI Chuanfang. Screening of nitrogen removal microorganism and study of its characteristics［D］. Hefei：Anhui University，2011.
11	MANU M K， LI Dongyi， LUO Liwen，et al. A review on nitrogen dynamics and mitigation strategies of food waste digestate composting［J］. Bioresource Technology，2021，334：125032. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125032
12	AHN Y H. Sustainable nitrogen elimination biotechnologies：A review［J］. Process Biochemistry，2006，41（8）：1709-1721. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2006.03.033
13	ROUT P R， SHAHID M K， DASH R R，et al. Nutrient removal from domestic wastewater：A comprehensive review on conventional and advanced technologies［J］. Journal of Environmental Management，2021，296：113246. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113246
14	WANG Xiaohui， WEN Xianghua， CRIDDLE C，et al. Community analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in activated sludge of eight wastewater treatment systems［J］. Journal of Environmental Sciences，2010，22（4）：627-634. doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60155-8
15	RAHIMI S， MODIN O， MIJAKOVIC I. Technologies for biological removal and recovery of nitrogen from wastewater［J］. Biotechnology Advances，2020，43：107570. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107570
16	SONG Tao， ZHANG Xiaolei， LI Ji，et al. A review of research progress of heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification microorganisms（HNADMs）［J］. Science of the Total Environment，2021，801：149319. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149319
17	OFFRE P， SPANG A， SCHLEPER C. Archaea in biogeochemical cycles［J］. Annual Review of Microbiology，2013，67：437-457. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155614
18	KÖNNEKE M， BERNHARD A E， DE LA TORRE J R，et al. Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon［J］. Nature，2005，437（7058）：543-546. doi:10.1038/nature03911
19	HALLAM S J， KONSTANTINIDIS K T， PUTNAM N，et al. Genomic analysis of the uncultivated marine crenarchaeote Cenarchaeum symbiosum ［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences，2006，103（48）：18296. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608549103
20	LIMPIYAKORN T， SONTHIPHAND P， RONGSAYAMANONT C，et al. Abundance of amoA genes of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria in activated sludge of full-scale wastewater treatment plants［J］. Bioresource Technology，2011，102（4）：3694-3701. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.085
21	ERGUDER T H， BOON N， WITTEBOLLE L，et al. Environmental factors shaping the ecological niches of ammonia-oxidizing archaea［J］. FEMS Microbiology Reviews，2009，33（5）：855-869. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00179.x
22	VERSTRAETE W， ALEXANDER M. Heterotrophic nitrification by Arthrobacter sp.［J］. Journal of Bacteriology，1972，110（3）：955-961. doi:10.1128/jb.110.3.955-961.1972
23	牛晓倩，周胜虎，邓禹. 脱氮微生物及脱氮工艺研究进展［J］. 生物工程学报，2021，37（10）：3505-3519.
	NIU Xiaoqian， ZHOU Shenghu， DENG Yu. Advances in denitrification microorganisms and processes［J］. Chinese Journal of Biotechnology，2021，37（10）：3505-3519.
24	RIJN J VAN，TAL Y， SCHREIER H J. Denitrification in recirculating systems：Theory and applications［J］. Aquacultural Engineering，2006，34（3）：364-376.
25	肖晶晶，郭萍，霍炜洁，等. 反硝化微生物在污水脱氮中的研究及应用进展［J］. 环境科学与技术，2009，32（12）：97-102. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2009.12.022
	XIAO Jingjing， GUO Ping， HUO Weijie，et al. Application of denitrifying microbes to wastewater denitrification［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2009，32（12）：97-102. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2009.12.022
26	车林，金文标，陈洪一，等. 反硝化微生物菌剂提升A²/O工艺TN去除效果［J］. 化工学报，2021，72（S1）：467-474.
	CHE Lin， JIN Wenbiao， CHEN Hongyi，et al. Denitrifying microbial agents improving TN removal of A²/O process［J］. CIESC Journal，2021，72（S1）：467-474.
27	XI Haipeng， ZHOU Xiangtong， ARSLAN M，et al. Heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification process：Promising but a long way to go in the wastewater treatment［J］. Science of the Total Environment，2022，805：150212. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150212
28	ZHAO Bin， CHENG Dan yang， TAN Pan，et al. Characterization of an aerobic denitrifier Pseudomonas stutzeri strain XL-2 to achieve efficient nitrate removal［J］. Bioresource Technology，2018，250：564-573. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.038
29	SCHOLTEN E， LUKOW T， AULING G，et al. Thauera mechernichensis sp. nov.，an aerobic denitrifier from a leachate treatment plant［J］. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology，1999，49（3）：1045-1051. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1045
30	周石磊，黄廷林，白士远，等. 贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性［J］. 中国环境科学，2016，36（1）：238-248. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2016.01.040
	ZHOU Shilei， HUANG Tinglin， BAI Shiyuan，et al. Isolation，identification，and nitrogen removal characteristics of oligotrophic aerobic denitrifiers［J］. China Environmental Science，2016，36（1）：238-248. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2016.01.040
31	MEDHI K， SINGHAL A， CHAUHAN D K，et al. Investigating the nitrification and denitrification kinetics under aerobic and anaerobic conditions by Paracoccus denitrificans ISTOD1［J］. Bioresource Technology，2017，242：334-343. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.084
32	DALSGAARD T， DE ZWART J， ROBERTSON L A，et al. Nitrification，denitrification and growth in artificial Thiosphaera pantotropha biofilms as measured with a combined microsensor for oxygen and nitrous oxide［J］. FEMS Microbiology Ecology，1995，17（2）：137-147. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.1995.tb00137.x
33	HUANG H K， TSENG S K. Nitrate reduction by Citrobacter diversus under aerobic environment［J］. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology，2001，55（1）：90-94. doi:10.1007/s002530000363
34	丁钰，张婷月，黄民生，等. 好氧反硝化菌及其在污水处理和环境修复中的研究进展［J］. 华东师范大学学报：自然科学版，2018（6）：1-11.
	DING Yu， ZHANG Tingyue， HUANG Minsheng，et al. Aerobic denitrifiers and the state of research in their use for sewage treatment and environmental remediation［J］. Journal of East China Normal University：Natural Science，2018（6）：1-11.
35	DE VRIES S， SCHRÖDER I. Comparison between the nitric oxide reductase family and its aerobic relatives，the cytochrome oxidases［J］. Biochemical Society Transactions，2002，30（4）：662-667. doi:10.1042/bst0300662
36	朱家亮，蔡美芳，贾滨洋，等. 基于污染物受纳量的城镇生活污水处理率指标研究［J］. 中国环境科学，2019，39（7）：3130-3136. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.07.052
	ZHU Jialiang， CAI Meifang， JIA Binyang，et al. Use the indicator of receivied pollutant to evaluate domestic sewage treatment status［J］. China Environmental Science，2019，39（7）：3130-3136. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.07.052
37	孟露，王正平，郑一江. 我国寒冷地区污水厂的污水处理现状及脱氮除磷技术探讨［J］. 当代化工研究，2021（10）：119-120. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-8114.2021.10.059
	MENG Lu， WANG Zhengping， ZHENG Yijiang. Present situation of sewage treatment and discussion on denitrification and phosphorus removal technology of sewage treatment plants in cold area of China［J］. Modern Chemical Research，2021（10）：119-120. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-8114.2021.10.059
38	朱佳轩，万雨轩，王鑫. 不同碳源下硫还原地杆菌对反硝化过程的影响机制探讨［J］. 环境科学学报，2019，39（10）：3247-3255.
	ZHU Jiaxuan， WAN Yuxuan， WANG Xin. The influential mechanism of Geobacter sulfurreducens on anaerobic denitrification under different carbon sources［J］. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae，2019，39（10）：3247-3255.
39	郭泓利，李鑫玮，任钦毅，等. 全国典型城市污水处理厂进水水质特征分析［J］. 给水排水，2018，54（6）：12-15. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-8471.2018.06.003
	GUO Hongli， LI Xinwei， REN Qinyi，et al. Analysis on characteristics of influent water quality of typical municipal sewage treatment plants in China［J］. Water & Wastewater Engineering，2018，54（6）：12-15. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-8471.2018.06.003
40	GÓMEZ M A， GONZÁLEZ-LÓPEZ J， HONTORIA-GARCı́A E. Influence of carbon source on nitrate removal of contaminated groundwater in a denitrifying submerged filter［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials，2000，80（1/2/3）：69-80. doi:10.1016/s0304-3894(00)00282-x
41	李亚峰，杨嗣靖，于燿滏. 基于倒置A²/O工艺脱氮除磷存在问题的优化措施［J］. 工业水处理，2019，39（8）：15-18.
	LI Yafeng， YANG Sijing， YU Yaofu. Optimization measures for denitrification and phosphorus removal based on inverted A²/O process［J］. Industrial Water Treatment，2019，39（8）：15-18.
42	蒙小俊，王秋利，龚晓松. 城镇污水生物脱氮除磷工艺存在问题的调控措施［J］. 工业水处理，2020，40（8）：17-22. doi:10.11894/iwt.2019-0829
	MENG Xiaojun， WANG Qiuli， GONG Xiaosong. Control measures for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal processes of municipal wastewater［J］. Industrial Water Treatment，2020，40（8）：17-22. doi:10.11894/iwt.2019-0829
43	ZHANG Feifan， MA Chengjin， HUANG Xiangfeng，et al. Research progress in solid carbon source-based denitrification technologies for different target water bodies［J］. Science of the Total Environment，2021，782：146669. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146669
44	FAN Zhenxing， HU Jun， WANG Jianlong. Biological nitrate removal using wheat straw and PLA as substrate［J］. Environmental Technology，2012，33（21）：2369-2374. doi:10.1080/09593330.2012.669411
45	LI Peng， ZUO Jiane， WANG Yajiao，et al. Tertiary nitrogen removal for municipal wastewater using a solid-phase denitrifying biofilter with polycaprolactone as the carbon source and filtration medium［J］. Water Research，2016，93：74-83. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.009
46	WANG Jianlong， CHU Libing. Biological nitrate removal from water and wastewater by solid-phase denitrification process［J］. Biotechnology Advances，2016，34（6）：1103-1112. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.07.001
47	LOPARDO C R， URAKAWA H. Performance and microbial diversity of bioreactors using polycaprolactone and polyhydroxyalkanoate as carbon source and biofilm carrier in a closed recirculating aquaculture system［J］. Aquaculture International，2019，27（5）：1251-1268. doi:10.1007/s10499-019-00383-5
48	ZHANG Qian， JI Fangying， XU Xiaoyi. Effects of physicochemical properties of poly-ε-caprolactone on nitrate removal efficiency during solid-phase denitrification［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2016，283：604-613. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2015.07.085
49	SHEN Zhiqiang， ZHOU Yuexi， HU Jun，et al. Denitrification performance and microbial diversity in a packed-bed bioreactor using biodegradable polymer as carbon source and biofilm support［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials，2013，250/251：431-438. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.026
50	CARREY R， RODRÍGUEZ-ESCALES P， SOLER A，et al. Tracing the role of endogenous carbon in denitrification using wine industry by-product as an external electron donor：Coupling isotopic tools with mathematical modeling［J］. Journal of Environmental Management，2018，207：105-115. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.063
51	GAO Yongqing， PENG Yongzhen， ZHANG Jingyu，et al. Biological sludge reduction and enhanced nutrient removal in a pilot-scale system with 2-step sludge alkaline fermentation and A²O process［J］. Bioresource Technology，2011，102（5）：4091-4097. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.051
52	TANG Jialing， WANG X C， HU Yisong，et al. Nutrients removal performance and sludge properties using anaerobic fermentation slurry from food waste as an external carbon source for wastewater treatment［J］. Bioresource Technology，2019，271：125-135. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.087
53	黄力彦，王志宏，陈大志，等. 低碳源城市污水生物处理方法研究进展［J］. 工业用水与废水，2012，43（3）：4-7. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-2455.2012.03.002
	HUANG Liyan， WANG Zhihong， CHEN Dazhi，et al. Research progress of biological treatment of low carbon source municipal sewage［J］. Industrial Water & Wastewater，2012，43（3）：4-7. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-2455.2012.03.002
54	彭永臻，马斌. 低C/N比条件下高效生物脱氮策略分析［J］. 环境科学学报，2009，29（2）：225-230. doi:10.3321/j.issn:0253-2468.2009.02.001
	PENG Yongzhen， MA Bin. Review of biological nitrogen removal enhancement technologies and processes under low C/N ratio［J］. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae，2009，29（2）：225-230. doi:10.3321/j.issn:0253-2468.2009.02.001
55	RYU H D， KIM D， LIM H E，et al. Nitrogen removal from low carbon-to-nitrogen wastewater in four-stage biological aerated filter system［J］. Process Biochemistry，2008，43（7）：729-735. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2008.02.018
56	WANG Huacai， JIANG Cancan， WANG Xu，et al. Application of internal carbon source from sewage sludge：A vital measure to improve nitrogen removal efficiency of low C/N wastewater［J］. Water，2021，13（17）：2338. doi:10.3390/w13172338
57	MA Bin， PENG Yongzhen， WEI Yan，et al. Free nitrous acid pretreatment of wasted activated sludge to exploit internal carbon source for enhanced denitrification［J］. Bioresource Technology，2015，179：20-25. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.054
58	LIU Shugen， WANG Qunchao， GUAN Qingqing，et al. Rapid release of internal carbon source from excess sludge with synergistic treatment via thermophilic microaerobic digestion and microcurrent［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2019，374：637-647. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.05.230
59	司文曦，李辰，马庆. 污水处理厂强化生物脱氮措施探析［J］. 中国给水排水，2015，31（16）：21-25.
	SI Wenxi， LI Chen， MA Qing. Discussion and analysis of enhanced biological denitrification measures in wastewater treatment plant［J］. China Water & Wastewater，2015，31（16）：21-25.
60	WANG Qilin， YE Liu， JIANG Guangming，et al. A free nitrous acid（FNA）-based technology for reducing sludge production［J］. Water Research，2013，47（11）：3663-3672. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.016
61	LEMAIRE R， MARCELINO M， YUAN Zhiguo. Achieving the nitrite pathway using aeration phase length control and step-feed in an SBR removing nutrients from abattoir wastewater［J］. Biotechnology and Bioengineering，2008，100（6）：1228-1236. doi:10.1002/bit.21844
62	CHIU Y C， LEE Liling， CHANG Chengnan，et al. Control of carbon and ammonium ratio for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a sequencing batch bioreactor［J］. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation，2007，59（1）：1-7. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.08.001
63	BHATTACHARYA R， MAZUMDER D. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in moving bed bioreactor and other biological systems［J］. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering，2021，44（4）：635-652. doi:10.1007/s00449-020-02475-6
64	BONASSA G， BOLSAN A C， HOLLAS C E，et al. Organic carbon bioavailability：Is it a good driver to choose the best biological nitrogen removal process？［J］. Science of the Total Environment，2021，786：147390. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147390
65	SUN Shengpeng， NÀCHER C P I， MERKEY B，et al. Effective biological nitrogen removal treatment processes for domestic wastewaters with low C/N ratios：A review［J］. Environmental Engineering Science，2010，27（2）：111-126. doi:10.1089/ees.2009.0100
66	蒙小俊，郭楠楠. 低C/N比条件下生物脱氮工艺研究进展［J］. 安康学院学报，2020，32（4）：109-115.
	MENG Xiaojun， GUO Nannan. On the progress of biological nitrogen removal process under low C/N ratio［J］. Journal of Ankang University，2020，32（4）：109-115.
67	XIANG Yu， SHAO Zhiyu， CHAI Hongxiang，et al. Functional microorganisms and enzymes related nitrogen cycle in the biofilm performing simultaneous nitrification and denitrification［J］. Bioresource Technology，2020，314：123697. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123697
68	Wenning MAI， CHEN Jiamin， LIU Hai，et al. Advances in studies on microbiota involved in nitrogen removal processes and their applications in wastewater treatment［J］. Frontiers in Microbiology，2021，12：746293. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.746293
69	DING Shuai， HE Jian， LUO Xingzhang，et al. Simultaneous nitrogen and carbon removal in a packed A/O reactor：Effect of C/N ratio on microbial community structure［J］. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering，2020，43（7）：1241-1252. doi:10.1007/s00449-020-02319-3
70	ALI M， OKABE S. Anammox-based technologies for nitrogen removal：Advances in process start-up and remaining issues［J］. Chemosphere，2015，141：144-153. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.094
71	STROUS M， PELLETIER E， MANGENOT S，et al. Deciphering the evolution and metabolism of an anammox bacterium from a community genome［J］. Nature，2006，440（7085）：790-794. doi:10.1038/nature04647
72	PRADHAN N， THI S S， WUERTZ S. Inhibition factors and kinetic model for anaerobic ammonia oxidation in a granular sludge bioreactor with Candidatus Brocadia ［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2020，389：123618. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.123618
73	XU Xiaochen， QIU Linyuan， WANG Chao，et al. Achieving mainstream nitrogen and phosphorus removal through simultaneous partial nitrification，anammox，denitrification，and denitrifying phosphorus removal（SNADPR） process in a single-tank integrative reactor［J］. Bioresource Technology，2019，284：80-89. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.109
74	赵杰俊，刘祖文，蔡晓媛，等. 短程硝化—厌氧氨氧化工艺控制方法与机理分析［J］. 工业水处理，2021，41（10）：36-43.
	ZHAO Jiejun， LIU Zuwen， CAI Xiaoyuan，et al. Control method and mechanism analysis of partial nitrification-anammox process［J］. Industrial Water Treatment，2021，41（10）：36-43.
75	CHO S， KAMBEY C， NGUYEN V. Performance of anammox processes for wastewater treatment：A critical review on effects of operational conditions and environmental stresses［J］. Water，2019，12（1）：20. doi:10.3390/w12010020
76	JOSS A， SALZGEBER D， EUGSTER J，et al. Full-scale nitrogen removal from digester liquid with partial nitritation and anammox in one SBR［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2009，43（14）：5301-5306. doi:10.1021/es900107w
77	LILJA E E， JOHNSON D R. Metabolite toxicity determines the pace of molecular evolution within microbial populations［J］. BMC Evolutionary Biology，2017，17（1）：52. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0906-2
78	MAO Nianjia， REN Hongqiang， GENG Jinju，et al. Engineering application of anaerobic ammonium oxidation process in wastewater treatment［J］. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology，2017，33（8）：153. doi:10.1007/s11274-017-2313-7
79	JETTEN M S M， WAGNER M， FUERST J，et al. Microbiology and application of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation（‘anammox’） process［J］. Current Opinion in Biotechnology，2001，12（3）：283-288. doi:10.1016/s0958-1669(00)00211-1
80	GU Jun， YANG Qin， LIU Yu. Mainstream anammox in a novel A-2B process for energy-efficient municipal wastewater treatment with minimized sludge production［J］. Water Research，2018，138：1-6. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.051
81	JIN Rencun， YANG Guangfeng， YU Jinjin，et al. The inhibition of the anammox process：A review［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2012，197：67-79. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.05.014
82	DESLOOVER J， WOLDEYOHANNIS A A， VERSTRAETE W，et al. Electrochemical resource recovery from digestate to prevent ammonia toxicity during anaerobic digestion［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2012，46（21）：12209-12216. doi:10.1021/es3028154
83	ZHAN Guoqiang， ZHANG Lixia， TAO Yong，et al. Anodic ammonia oxidation to nitrogen gas catalyzed by mixed biofilms in bioelectrochemical systems［J］. Electrochimica Acta，2014，135：345-350. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.05.037
84	陈嘉瑾，徐汉，张志浩，等. 生物电化学系统废水脱氮机理及影响研究进展［J］. 工业水处理，2022，42（3）：23-32.
	CHEN Jiajin， XU Han， ZHANG Zhihao，et al. Research progress on the mechanism and influence of nitrogen removal by bioelectrochemical systems in wastewater ［J］. Industrial Water Treatment，2022，42（3）：23-32.
85	YANG Qiuyu， ZHAO Nan， WANG Han，et al. Electrochemical and biochemical profiling of the enhanced hydrogenotrophic denitrification through cathode strengthening using bioelectrochemical system（BES）［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2020，381：122686. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.122686
86	REN Yueping， Ying LÜ， WANG Yue，et al. Effect of heterotrophic anodic denitrification on anolyte pH control and bioelectricity generation enhancement of bufferless microbial fuel cells［J］. Chemosphere，2020，257：127251. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127251
87	罗博，黄安寿，陈海龙. 短程硝化反硝化氨氮脱除技术研究进展［J］. 环境与发展，2020，32（1）：130-131.
	LUO Bo， HUANG Anshou， CHEN Hailong. Research progress of short-range nitrification and denitrification ammonia nitrogen removal technology［J］. Environment and Development，2020，32（1）：130-131.
88	贾艳萍，贾心倩，刘印，等. 同步硝化反硝化脱氮机理及影响因素研究［J］. 东北电力大学学报，2013，33（4）：19-23. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-2992.2013.04.005
	JIA Yanping， JIA Xinqian， LIU Yin，et al. The study on nitrogen removal mechanism and affecting factors of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification［J］. Journal of Northeast Dianli University，2013，33（4）：19-23. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-2992.2013.04.005
89	杜睿，彭永臻. 城市污水生物脱氮技术变革：厌氧氨氧化的研究与实践新进展［J］. 中国科学：技术科学，2021，51. DOI：10.1360/SST-2020-0407 .
	DU Rui， PENG Yongzhen. Technical revolution of biological nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater：Recent advances in anammox research and application［J］. Scientia Sinica Technologica，2021，51. DOI：10.1360/SST-2020-0407 .

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容