The conditions for the preparation of activated carbon from corn cob as raw material,treated with NaHCO3 as activating agent,through microwave radiation have been optimized by response surface method(RSM) and central composite design(CCD).The effects of the radiation power,radiation time,and impregnation ratio on the adsorption capacity and yield results are investigated.The optimum conditions for preparing activated carbon from corn cob are as follows:radiation power is 385.74 W,radiation time 5 min and impregnation ratio 4.The experimental and predicted results for the adsorption capacity on methylene blue(MB) and yield of AC are 241.76 mg/g,27.39% and 253 mg/g,28.28%,respectively.The predicted adsorption capacity and yield after process optimization conform to the experimental values,verifying the efficiency of the model.

The sources,harmfulness and treatment technologies currently used for treating heavy metal　wastewater　are summarized. Conventional methods including chemical precipitation,electro　chemistry,adsorption,and membrane　separating methods,and new treatment technologies including　nano-technology, photo-catalytic technique,new mesoporous materials and gene engineering technique　are introduced. The mechanisms,research progress,advantages　and disadvantages of the above　treatment techniques are reviewed. The developing trends of these techniques　applied to the treatment of heavy metal wastewater are elaborated.

The degradation of organic wastewater by coated photocatalyst has promising future. And the immobilized photocatalyst is attracting people day by day with its specific merits.The preparation and application of TiO₂-coated photocatalyst are discussed after the brief statement of normal uncoated photocatalyst degrading organic wastewater.

The factors that result in the corrosion of stainless steel in circulating water are analyzed.The mechanism and forms of the stainless steel corrosion caused by chloride ions are discussed.It is pointed out that the critical chlorine ion concentration which causes stress etching of stainless steel can be affected by various factors,such as water quality,temperature,flow velocity,bacteria,water treatment agents,etc.In order to formulate reasonable controlling indexes of chloride ions,the premise should be making the circulating water treatment scheme perfect.Attention should also be paid to water saving and emission reduction,at the time of making the production run smoothly.

It expounds the chemical methods,principle,new development and their applied prospect of phosphorus removal from wastewater. Based on this, it is suggested that the research of the chemical methods of phosphorus removal should be diverted healthfully along with the exploitation of new medicament,the combination of chemical methods with biological methods and combined medicament casting.

The performance of a dynamic membrane bioreactor by using the filter cloth as main material for domestic wastewater treatment at lowtemperatures (9～13 ℃) has been studied. The dynamic membrane could be formed on the surface of the filter cloth soon and develop steadily. When the permeate turbidity is less than 9.5 NTU. TSS is zeroat the most operation time, and its highest level is 5.0 mg/L, the CODand NH 3 -Nremoval rates are 72%~89% and 66%～94%, respectively. The total resistance of the dynamic membrane is lower than that of the microfiltration/ ultrafiltration membrane 2～3 numeral classes. Cake layer resistance is the major pollution resistance.

Polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA) is a new non phosphorus, non nitrogenous, environmentally friendly scale inhibitor. The performance of scale inhibition of PESA is evaluated by scale static beaker tests of CaCO₃CaSO₄·2H₂O?BaSO₄SrSO₄CaF₂ . The experimental results show that PESA has excellent scale inhibition for CaCO₃ ?BaSO₄SrSO₄CaF₂ and a certain extent scale inhibition for CaSO ₄·2H₂O, and is a versatile scale inhibitor.

Oil-bearing wastewater has been paid great attention to and its treatment processes, such as physiochemical treatments, biochemical treatments, chemical treatments are reviewed. Most advantages and disadvantages of most of the treatments are summarized and appraised respectively. The latest research achievements and some prospects in this field are also presented. Fundamental research of oil-bearing wastewater treatment has to be taken into account and researches on oil-removing mechanism must be strengthened. The correlation of the key components of oil-bearing wastewater must be made sure. Clean production must be treasured and its discharge has to be decreased and its reuse must be considered strictly

The HPLC method for determining phenylhydrazine hydrochloride in industrial wastewater has been established.The chromatogram conditions are as follows:Kromasil-C₁₈ column(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),velocity of flow 1 mL/min,column temperature 30 ℃,sample volume 10 μL,mobile phase is V(methanol):V(8 mmol/L KH₂PO₄+4 mmol/L K₂HPO₄)=35:65,and wavelength 235 nm.The results show that the method offeres good linearity from 0.1-100 mg/L,average recovery rate is 98.2% and RSD 1.06%.This method is characterized by easy operation,and rapid and accurate analysis.

An amplification work is carried out in accordance with the pre-modified PTFE membrane fine filtration technology for treating oil-bearing water in oilfields, to verify its feasibility, and at the same time，to determine the design and operation parameters.The results show that after the oil-bearing water is treated by the modified PTFE fine filtration equipment，which is used as a second grade equipment for treating oil-bearing wastewater, the quality can reach the water quality control index of low permeability oil-layer reinjection in Daqing Oil-field, carrying out the application of membrane technology to the oil-bearing wastewater treatment. The treated water quality not only has been improved, but also ensured the wastewater treatment station to provide an effective measure.

Water resource utilization and water management situation in thermal power plants are introduced. Water consumption indexes in thermal power plants between home and aboard are compared. Development and utilization of water resource and water saving and corrective measure for power plants are studied. After the discussion on the effects of power resource sites construction confronting environmental protection and shortage for water resource, it’s advised municipal sewage reuse and seawater desalination be adopted as water consumption development direction for project construction in thermal plants. According to the overall development and distribution for power resource sites, water consumption strategy shall be conducted in a scientific way.

Dye wastewater is characterized by "3-high and one-low":high COD,high chroma and high salinity;low BOD5/COD.It is one of the difficult points and hot spots in wastewater treatment.According to the research on the pocesses,such as coagulation,air flotation,anaerobic hydrolysis-acidification and oxic,Fe/C miroelectrolysis system has been used for treating the effluent water from aerobic tank.The results show that the removing rates of COD and chroma are over 80% and 85%,respectively under the conditions of pH 3.5,Fe/C ratio 1∶1.2 and reaction time 35 min.The COD concentration is below 60 mg/L and chroma in effluent is below 42 degree,reaching the first grade of Discharge Standard of the Pollutants in Dyeing and Finishing of Textile Industry(GB 4287-1992).

Biological Aerated Filter (BAF) is arecently developed process to treat organic waste water. The working principle of BAF (up flow and down flow) is presented. Compared with traditional activated sludge system, the main advantages of BAF has stronger treating capacity, better treating effect, less relationship with temperature, higher capacity for absorbing shock load, no requirement for secondary settlement tank, simpler technology flow and more reasonable bacterium structure. The characteristic and application of typical BAF process, at home and abroad, are analysed. What's more, the key technique of BAF about the removal of P and N and its pre-treatment are discussed. BAF process has prosperous future in our country.

Extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) plays an important role in biological wastewater treatment. Theresearches in recent years on the components, structure, physical and chemical properties of EPS, both in China andabroad, are reviewed. The research progress of EPS applied to biological wastewater treatment fields, such asmembrane pollution, sludge characteristics, biological dephosphorization and heavy metal adsorption capacities, issummarized．

Phosphate-accumulating organisms( PAO )are the key part in enhanced biological phosphorus removingsystems.Their metabolic pathway can influence the performance of the whole system directly．The current researchsituation of metabolic pathway and characters of PAO in the enhanced biological phosphorus removing system isexpounded. The source of reducing power,the metabolic pathway of glycogen,the three modes of TCA cycle and themetabolic shift of PAO during the metabolism process are discussed emphatically.At the end,the future directionand trend in the research on metabolic mechanism of phosphate-accumulating organisms are brought forward.

Nanofiltration membranes are widely used in water treatment, drinking water treatment, seawater desalination, lithium extraction from salt lakes, zero discharge of industrial wastewater and other fields due to their advantages of low operating pressure and strong selective separation, while membrane pollution restricts the long-term stable operation of nanofiltration membranes in actual production. Therefore, improving the anti-fouling properties of nanofiltration membranes is crucial for ensuring the application of nanofiltration membranes. Firstly, starting from the primary preparation technology of nanofiltration membranes, interfacial polymerization technology, the research status of nanofiltration membranes with excellent performance was introduced in detail through the regulation of interfacial polymerization process and the development of new interfacial polymerization technologies. Secondly, the application of nanofiltration membranes in various fields and membrane fouling issues were briefly described. Then, the research progress of anti-fouling nanofiltration membrane preparation was reviewed from the aspects of developing new monomer materials, selecting modification materials (including nanomaterials and polymer materials), and post-treatment modification technology. Finally, the problems faced by anti-fouling nanofiltration membranes in the application process were summarized, and the future development direction of anti-fouling nanofiltration membranes was pointed out.

Photocatalytic reaction mechanism of nano-TiO₂ is introduced.The progress in the research on the application of nano-TiO₂ photocatalytic technology to the degradation of wastewater containing oil stain,pesticides,dyeing,surfactant,other organic compounds and heavy metals,and wastewater from paper making is reviewed.The five factors that has limited the practical application of nano-TiO₂ photocatalytic technology,such as themodification,immobility，preparation method,and application mechanism of nano-TiO₂ and their negative influences on the application of nano-TiO₂ are pointed out.Researchers should make continuous improvements on nano-TiO₂ photocatalytic technology,so as to make its application to the treatment of industrial wastewater become broader and more effective.

In recent years,the advanced oxidation processes(AOPs) in which the free radicals(·OH) is generated has been paid more and more attentions for its advantage on the degradation of refractory organic pollutants.As a new form of AOPs,heterogeneous catalytic ozonation could combine the oxidizing capacity of ozone with the adsorption and catalysis of adsorbent quite well,which obtains higher mineralization of organisms.Most of researches show that the catalysts play an important role in the purifying process of different organisms.The mechanisms of catalytic ozonation are introduced briefly first,and then the catalysts recently used in this process are summarized in detail.

The preparation techniques of immerse precipitation, thermally induced phase separation and thermally assisted evaporative separation for PVDF microporous membrane are reviewed. The research focuses on the effects of solvents, non-solvents, coagulation temperature, additives, evaporation time on the properties and structure of PVDF membranes. The hydrophilic modification of PVDF microporous membrane is introduced briefly.

The membrane separation technologies and their characteristics are introduced brief ly.The past developmentof membrane separation technologies and their applicat ions to wastewater treatment are overview ed.Atthe same time, the current research and some questio ns of membrane separation technologies which are electrodialysis, microfilt ration, ult rafilt ration, reverse osmosis and nanofilt ration and their applicatio ns to wastewatertreatment are analy zed in detail.Then, the novel research and development of membrane preparation, moduleand technique are discussed, and the article gives the potential of membrane separation technologies applied towastewater t reatment.It is predicted that the membrane separation technologies w ill be developed further, andthey will strongly inf luence the way of wastewater treatment in this century.

Chemical precipitation process is a traditional water treatment process,having many advantages,such as mature technology,little investment,low cost,highly automatic level,etc.and has been applied extensively in the world.The research development of the treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals and expounds the advantages and disadvantages of three kinds of chemical precipitation processes,the effects of influencing factors on heavy metal removing rates,and the research directions in the future are introduced mainly.

Zeolite is a kind of aluminosilicate mineral which has excellent adsorption and ion exchange properties. It has a wide range of applications for environmental treatment. The research progress in the application of zeolite in the environmental field, especially in wastewater treatment is introduced. Furthermore, the applications of zeolite to the removal of ammonia nitrogen, organic pollutants, heavy metals, radioactive substances, fluorine, etc. from water are summarized emphatically.

The electrodeionization （EDI） used for recovering wastewater containing heavy metals is a kind of membrane separation-desalination technology，which organically combines the electrodialysis membrane technology and the ion exchange technology together. The membrane technology has the following distinguished advantages: continuously running， without using acid-alkali and friendly to environment etc. The technologies used for recovering wastewaters containing copper or nickel are introduced. Based upon characteristics of the wastewater containing heavy metals，an EDI equipment， filled up with layers of cation resin （main part） and anion resin， has been designed. By using this technology，replacing the traditional ion exchange one，the recovery and use of wastewater containing heavy metals，with closed recycling，zero draining and no pollution，can be successfully realized.

As a new nitrogen removal technology, Anammox has the advantages of energy conservation, emission reduction and no additional carbon source. The Anammox technology has great application value in the treatment of wastewater with low C/N. However, Anammox can not be quickly started up due to sludge loss in the practical application. Adding mature Anammox granular sludge (AnGS) is an effective way to overcome the above-mentioned challenges. The formation process, mechanism and influencing factors of AnGS were introduced, and the technical issues related to the rapid cultivation of AnGS were summarized. The models of AnGS formation and related researches based on various models were explored. The structural characteristics and microbial community characteristics of AnGS were introduced. The relationship between anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AnAOB) and AnGS was elucidated. The effects of inoculation sludge type, reactor type, nitrogen loading rate, organic concentration, quorum sensing, and external forces on the formation of AnGS were analyzed. The phenomenon of AnGS floating was introduced. The relationship between AnGS floating and nitrogen loading rate, bubble was analyzed and discussed. The current issues with AnGS technology were summarized and the research direction on AnGS was prospected. The purpose was to provide reference for the formation of AnGS in full-scale industrialization.

³¹P -NMRchemical shifts of some organo-phosphorous compounds are reported.These compounds include phosphonate(phosphonic acid), phosphonous acid and phosphinic acid.They are chemicals for cooling water treatment both at home and abroad.

Aiming at the situations that coagulation effectiveness gets low easily，due to the water quality of raw water，and water quantity，it is necessary to adjust the dosage of coagulant timely and accurately. In order to make the water quality reach the best，a series of simulated coagulation experiments have been carried out. The effect of different coagulant dosages on the removal efficiency of raw water turbidity is investigated. Based on the coagulation experimental data，which were obtained from the conventional water quality experiments made by water treatment plants，and coagulatio curve graphs，three ways of determining the best dosage of coagulant are proposed. It is a new attempt at using coagulants effectively and running water supply plants economically，so as to reach the goal of reducing expenditures and lowering consumptions.

The effect of turbidity removal methods，pH and hues on the chroma measurement of industrial wastewater has been investigated，and the relationship between dilution ratio （DR） and ADMI values has been analyzed. The results show that the 0.45 μm filter membrane is more suitable for turbidity removal before chroma measurement. When pH is in the range from 6.0-9.0，the effect of pH difference on the chroma could be negligible.In addition，the correlation between the DR and ADMI values bears no relation to hues，DR =0.19 ×ADMI31（R2＞0.991）.

Calcium chloride has been used for removing highly concentrated phosphorus from wastewater. The influences of various factors, such as the dosage of calcium chloride, reaction time, pH, precipitation time on the phosphorus removal efficiency are investigated. Calcium chloride has good phosphorus removal capacity. The phosphorus removal rate can reach 99.98%, when n（Ca）: n(P)=1.18:1, reaction time 30 min, pH=9, and precipitation time 30 min. The phosphorus content in the precipitate formed is 13.68%or over, reaching the high purity of phosphorus content in phosphorus ore. The technology is of significant importance for the recycle of wastewater containing ultra-high concentration of phosphorus.

The new development of the determination of ozone concentration both in China and abroad are introduced. It mainly includes the newachievement of researches on iodometric method, spectrophotometry method, chemical-luminescence method, electrochemical method etc. The advantages, disadvantages and applicability of various methods are different. Therefore, the choice of application should be made depending on the actual situation and the determining requirments. Which one is the best can also be determined by the comparison of various results.