Present situation of the research on water hardness removal

doi:10.11894/1005-829x.2011.31(12).5

Abstract

Abstract:

The precipitation formed by hard ions in pipelines and boilers has caused many problems for domestic and industrial water and water treatment.For example,the process of membrane desalination(reverse osmosis) has been restricted,just because of scaling and clogging.Nowadays,in addition to lime water softening method and cation exchange method,some new methods have been developed for removing the hard ions from water.With regards to this,various hardness removing techniques are summarized,and their effectiveness is evaluated,hoping they will be of help to solve the problems associated with the hardness in the process of water usages and water treatment.

Key words: hardness, hard ions, hardness removal

摘要：

硬度离子容易在管道、锅炉中形成沉淀而引起生活及工业用水及水处理过程中的许多问题,如膜脱盐过程(反渗透)就因结垢和堵塞问题在使用上受到了限制。目前,除了石灰软化和阳离子交换法外,还出现了不少新的去除水中硬度的方法,为此对各种除硬技术进行了总结,并对其效果进行了评价,以期解决用水及水处理过程中由于硬度导致的一系列问题。

关键词: 硬度, 硬度离子, 除硬技术

CLC Number:

TE991.2

Zhang Hua,Cui Liuhua,Wu Baichun. Present situation of the research on water hardness removal[J]. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT, 2011, 31(12): 5-8.

张华,崔柳华,吴百春. 国内外除硬技术现状研究[J]. 工业水处理, 2011, 31(12): 5-8.

/ / Recommend / Download Citations

URL: https://www.iwt.cn/EN/10.11894/1005-829x.2011.31(12).5

https://www.iwt.cn/EN/Y2011/V31/I12/5

References

[1] Park J S , Song J H , Yeon K H , et al. Removal of hardness ions from tap water using electromembrane processes[J].Desxlination,2007,202 (1/2/3):1-8.
[2] Bekri-Abbes I,Bayoudh S,Baklouti M. The removal of hardness of water using sulfonated waste plastic[J].Desalination,2008,222 (1/ 2/3)81-86.
[3] Junior O K, Gurgel L V A, Gil L F, et al. Removal of Ca ( II)and Mg (II)from aqueous single metal solutions by mercerized cellulose and mercerized sugarcane bagasse grafted with EDTA dianhydride (EDTAD) [J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2010,79(1):184-191.
[4] Ahn J H,Do T H, Kim S D,et al. The effect of calcium on the anaerobic digestion treating swine wastewater[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal , 2006 , 30 (1):33-38.
[5 ]Entezari M H , Tahmasbi M.Water softening by combination of ultrasound and ion exchange[J].Ultrasonics Sonochemistry,2009, 16(3):356-360.
[6 ] Seo S J , Jeon H , Lee J K , et al. Investigation on removal of hardness ions by capacitive deionization (CDI) for water softening applica-lions[J].Water Rescarch,2010,44 (7):2267-2275.
[7] 李继震，于文举，王志军，等.曝气一石灰碱化法除铁除锰、降低水的硬度和溶解性总固体含量的研究[J].给水排水，2000,26 (4 ):12-13.
[8] Hammes F,Seka A,de Knijf S,et al. A novel approach to calcium re-moval from calcium-rich industrial wastewater[J].Water Research， 2003,37(3):699-704.
[9] Kim Y H,Yeom S H, Ryu J Y,et al. Development of a novel UASB/ CO₂-stripper system for the removal of calcium ion in paper waste-water [J]process Biochemistry , 2004, 39[J]1393-1399.
[10] van Langerak E P A,Gonzalez-Gil G,van Aelst A,et al. Effects of high calcium concentrations on the development of methanogenic sludge in upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors[J].Water Research,1998,32(4):1255-1263.
[11] Fatin-Rouge N , Dupont A , Vidonne A , ct al. Removal of some diva-lent canons from water by membrane-filtration assisted with algi-nate [J]. Water Research , 2006 , 40 ( 6 ):1303-1309.
[12 ]Soleimani M , Kaghazchi T. Adsorption of gold ions from industrial wastewater using activated carbon derived from hard shell of apri-cot stones ; An agricultural waste [J].Bioresource Technology , 2008 , 99(13):5374-5383.[13 ] Brown P A , Gill S A , Allen S J. Metal removal from wastewater us-ing peat[J].Water Research,2000,34(16);3907-3916.
[14」谢加才.稠油污水循环利用技术与应用「C ] //全国石油石化企业节能减排技术交流会论文集.北京，2008:334-344.
[15 ]Apell J N , Boyer T H. Combined ion exchange treatment for removal of dissolved organic matter and hardness [J].Water Re-search,2010,44( 8 ) :2419-2430.
[16] van Houwelingen G A,Nooijen W.Water softening by crystalliza-lion recovers its costs[J].European Water Pollution Control，1993 (3):33-35.
[17] Zhou Ping,Huang Juchang,Li A WF,et al. Heavy metal removal From wastewater in fluidized bed reactor[J].Water Research,1999,33(8):1918-1924.
[18] Battistoni P,de Angelic A,Pavan P,et al. Phosphorus removal from a real anaerobic supernatant by struvite crystallization [J].Water Research,2001,35(9):2167-2178.
[ 19 ] Aldaco R , Garea A, Irabien A. Fluoride recovery in a fluidized bed: (rystallization of(alcium fluoride on silica sand [J].Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ,2006 ,45 (2 ) ; 796-802.
[20] Suzuki K,Tanaka Y,Osada T,et al. Removal of phosphate，magnc-sium and calcium from swine wastewater through crystallization en-hanced by aeration[J].Water Research,2002,36(12):2991-2998.
[21] Aldaco R,Garea A,Irabien A. Calcium fluoride recovery from fluoride wastewater in a fluidized bed reactor [J].Water Research, 2007,41(4):810-818.
[22] Kim S,Park J Y,Lee YW，et al. High-rat calcium removal using the Hyperkinetic Vortex Crystallization ( HVC ) process for reuse of electronics wastewater [J] .Desalination , 2009 , 249 ( 2 ) ; 554-559.
[23] Guida M,Mattei M,Rocca C D,et al. Optimization of alum-coagu-lation/flocculation for COD and TSS removal from five municipal wastewater ] J ] . Desalination , 2007 , 211(1 /2/3):113-127.
[24] Katz I, Dosorctz C G. Desalination of domestic wastewater effluents: phosphate removal as pretreatment [J].Desalination,2008,222(1/ 2/3)230-242.
[25] Chuang S H,Chuang T C,You S J,ct al. Evaluation oFwastewatcr reclamation process in a high-tech industrial park [J].Desalina-tion , 2005，175(2):143-152.
[26] Malakootian M,Mansoorian H J,Moosazadeh M. Performance eval-nation of clcctrocoagulation process using iron-rod electrodes for removing hardnc、、From drinking watcr[J].Dcsalination,2010,255 (1/2/3):67-71.
[27] 刘东，武春瑞，吕晓龙.减压膜蒸馏法浓缩反渗透浓水试验研究[J]水处理技术，2009,35(5):60-63.

[1]	Wei MAO, Hongtao YU. Emerging problems and strategies of electrochemical water softening technology [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2023, 43(7): 32-40.
[2]	Tianzhen ZHU, Deze YU, Mingyin ZHANG, Guangyuan YAO, Xinggang HU, Aizhen HE, Lei TAO, Houkai TENG. Enhancing electrochemical hardness removal for water with high hardness and low carbonate alkalinity by adding CO₂ [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2023, 43(6): 130-136.
[3]	Songtao LIU, Xiaomei DANG, Wenyao JIA, Yue CAO, Yuling ZHANG, Chuanmin CHEN. Synchronous hardness and silicon removal of high-salt wastewater [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2023, 43(10): 71-78.
[4]	Ming QI,Liansong QIN,Yimin FANG,Weipeng CHEN,Tongbao GUO. Application of membrane combined sectional salt separation process in the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2022, 42(3): 160-167.
[5]	Songtao LIU, Hailong XU, Xiaomei DANG, Lipeng WANG, Qingzhuo SI, Chuanmin CHEN. Membrane electrolysis used in circulating cooling water treatment [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2022, 42(10): 154-159.
[6]	Haibo Xu,Nan Zhang,Jun Yang,Yaxiang Lin. Research on the advanced treatment and reuse of the recirculating water blowdown water in steel plant [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2021, 41(9): 157-160.
[7]	Wang Xiaolei, Tong Shenglu, Chen Quan, Huo Weidong. Experimental study on the decrease of hardness of water-coal-slurry gasification ash water [J]. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT, 2018, 38(3): 65-68.
[8]	Xu Changwen, Wang Guoying, Liu Jiming, Yue Xiuping, Ning Shuyi. Optimization of simultaneous adsorption of fluoride and hardness from water by calcined Mg/Al hydrotalcites by response surface method [J]. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT, 2018, 38(12): 24-27.
[9]	Ye Zhian, Mu Shirong, Chang Jianjun, Zhou Hongcang, Hu Teli. Research on the automatic control method of sludge discharge by lime coagulation process [J]. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT, 2018, 38(10): 109-112.
[10]	Yang Yuanliang, Wang Hui, Zhang Jian, Pang Huizhong, Gu Meixia, Song Wenfang. Optimization of the project on the desalination technology of wastewater containing heavy oil with high salinity and high hardness [J]. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT, 2016, 36(7): 90-93.
[11]	Wu Qingshou, Meng Yongxiang. Design of the sodium ion exchanger having softened water hardness real-time monitoring [J]. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT, 2016, 36(10): 104-106.
[12]	Wang Chao, Li Yanyun, Tao Lei, Qin Lijuan, Wang Hao. Corrosion inhibition capacity of non-phosphorus corrosion inhibitor in water with moderate alkalinity and moderate hardness for A3 carbon steel [J]. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT, 2015, 35(8): 71-73.
[13]	Hou Yang, Jin Xiaoxia, Wang Hui, Sun Ji, Zhao Yingqiu. Study on the evaluation of scale inhibition capacity of water treatment agents by ultimate carbonate hardness method [J]. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT, 2014, 34(3): 47-50.
[14]	Jin Baodan. Experimental study on the reclaimed water reuse of petrochemical wastewater [J]. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT, 2012, 32(11): 65-67,68.
[15]	Zhang Junling, Zheng Shuzhong, Yan Yan, Liang Xiuwen, Wang Juan, Hu Hao, Shen Chen. Development and application of the near-zero discharge of water treatment technology in industrial cooling systems [J]. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT, 2011, 31(10): 68-70.

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export