流动电极电容去离子技术研究进展

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2021-1237

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

具有低成本、低能耗、高效率优势的电容去离子技术（CDI）是缓解水危机的有效手段。流动电极电容去离子技术（FCDI）通过将流动电极和离子交换膜耦合，可弥补传统CDI技术吸附能力有限、无法长期连续运行的技术瓶颈。经过近十年的广泛研究，FCDI技术在理论研究、材料开发和工程应用上取得了积极进展，展现出了良好的应用前景。对FCDI技术进行了系统综述，介绍了其发展历程及运行原理，并从装置构型、运行模式、材料创新和参数影响等方面深入分析了影响脱盐性能的关键因素，指出提升脱盐性能的优化策略。此外，总结了FCDI技术在水体脱盐、水污染治理及资源化、能源回收等领域的应用现状，评价了该技术的经济性和实用性，最后提出FCDI技术未来可行的发展方向。

关键词: 流动电极电容去离子, 系统优化, 脱盐, 废水资源化

Abstract:

Capacitive deionization （CDI） technology，with low cost，low energy consumption and high efficiency，is an effective method to alleviate the water crisis. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization（FCDI） technology coupled with the flowable electrode and ion exchange membrane can effectively address the technical bottleneck of traditional CDI technology，including limited adsorption capacity and discontinuous operation. Over the past ten years，FCDI technology has been actively explored in terms of theoretical research，material development and engineering application，and has shown excellent application potential. Herein，this paper systematically reviewed the research progress of FCDI technology. The development history and its involved mechanism was firstly introduced. Then，the optimization method of FCDI system was analyzed in depth from several key factors，including device configuration，operation mode，material innovation and parameter influence. Furthermore，special attention has been paid to the representative applications in different fields，and the economy and practicability was evaluated. Finally，a conclusion of the review and subsequently，perspectives are given for possible research directions.

Key words: flow-electrode capacitive deionization, system optimization, desalination, resource utilization

中图分类号:

O646.5

雍天智, 李阳, 陆建刚, 林若昀, 吴俊升, 左晓俊. 流动电极电容去离子技术研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2023, 43(1): 17-25.

Tianzhi YONG, Yang LI, Jian’gang LU, Ruoyun LIN, Junsheng WU, Xiaojun ZUO. Research progress of flow-electrode capacitive deionization technology[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2023, 43(1): 17-25.

https://www.iwt.cn/CN/Y2023/V43/I1/17

图/表 5

图1 Web of Science 中关于FCDI技术的科研论文发表情况

Fig. 1 Publications of FCDI technology in web of science

图2 FCDI技术的发展历程

Fig. 2 Development process of FCDI technology

图3 典型FCDI装置及其主要组成结构

Fig. 3 Typical FCDI device and its main structure

图4 FCDI的四种运行模式

Fig. 4 Different operation modes of FCDI

图5 FCDI流动电极的脱盐性能汇总

Fig. 5 Summary of desalination performance for FCDI electrodes

参考文献 51

1	ELIASSON J. The rising pressure of global water shortages［J］. Nature，2015，517（7532）：6. doi:10.1038/517006a doi: 10.1038/517006a URL
2	ELIMELECH M， PHILLIP W A. The future of seawater desalination：Energy，technology，and the environment［J］. Science，2011，333（6043）：712-717. doi:10.1126/science.1200488 doi: 10.1126/science.1200488 URL
3	HELMHOLTZ H V. Some laws of the distribution of electric currents in physical conductors［J］. Journal of Physics and Chemistry，1853，89：211-233.
4	WALHA K， AMAR R B， FIRDAOUS L，et al. Brackish groundwater treatment by nanofiltration，reverse osmosis and electrodialysis in tunisia：Performance and cost comparison［J］. Desalination，2007，207（1/2/3）：95-106. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.583 doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.583 URL
5	ALMARZOOQI F A， GHAFERI A A AL， SAADAT I，et al. Application of capacitive deionisation in water desalination：A review［J］. Desalination，2014，342：3-15. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2014.02.031 doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2014.02.031 URL
6	王凯军，房阔，宫徽，等. 从低能耗脱盐到资源回收的电容去离子技术在环境领域的研究进展［J］. 环境工程学报，2018，12（8）：7-18. doi:10.12030/j.cjee.201805064 doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201805064 URL
	WANG Kaijun， FANG Kuo， GONG Hui，et al. Review on research of capacitive deionization technology in field of environment from low energy consumption desalination to resource recovery［J］. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering，2018，12（8）：7-18. doi:10.12030/j.cjee.201805064 doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201805064 URL
7	LEE J B， PARK K K，et al. Desalination of a thermal power plant wastewater by membrane capacitive deionization［J］. Desalination，2006，196（1/2/3）：125-134. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.01.011 doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2006.01.011 URL
8	JEON S I， PARK H R， YEO J G，et al. Desalination via a new membrane capacitive deionization process utilizing flow-electrodes［J］. Energy & Environmental Science，2013，6（5）：1471-1475. doi:10.1039/c3ee24443a doi: 10.1039/c3ee24443a URL
9	NATIV P， BADASH Y， GENDEL Y. New insights into the mechanism of flow-electrode capacitive deionization［J］. Electrochemistry Communications，2017，76：24-28. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2017.01.008 doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.01.008 URL
10	ROMMERSKIRCHEN A， KALDE A， LINNARTZ C J，et al. Unraveling charge transport in carbon flow-electrodes：Performance prediction for desalination applications［J］. Carbon，2019，145：507-520. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2019.01.053 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.01.053 URL
11	CHO Y， LEE K S， YANG S C，et al. A novel three-dimensional desalination system utilizing honeycomb-shaped lattice structures for flow-electrode capacitive deionization［J］. Energy & Environmental Science，2017，10（8）：1746-1750. doi:10.1039/C7EE00698E doi: 10.1039/C7EE00698E URL
12	MA Junjun， LIANG Peng， SUN Xueliang，et al. Energy recovery from the flow-electrode capacitive deionization［J］. Journal of Power Sources，2019，421：50-55. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.02.082 doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.02.082 URL
13	MA Junjun， MA Jinxing， ZHANG Changyong，et al. Water recovery rate in short-circuited closed-cycle operation of flow-electrode capacitive deionization（FCDI）［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2019，53（23）：13859-13867. doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b03263 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03263 URL
14	BIAN Yanhong， CHEN Xi， LU Lu，et al. Concurrent nitrogen and phosphorus recovery using flow-electrode capacitive deionization［J］. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering，2019，7（8）：7844-7850. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00065 doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00065 URL
15	FANG Kuo， GONG Hui， HE Wenyan，et al. Recovering ammonia from municipal wastewater by flow-electrode capacitive deionization［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2018，348：301-309. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.128 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.128 URL
16	MA Jinxing， He C， HE Di，et al. Analysis of capacitive and electrodialytic contributions to water desalination by flow-electrode CDI［J］. Water Research，2018，144：296-303. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.049 doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.049 URL
17	YANG Fan， MA Junjun， ZHANG Xudong，et al. Decreased charge transport distance by titanium mesh-membrane assembly for flow-electrode capacitive deionization with high desalination performance［J］. Water Research，2019，164：114904. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.114904 doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114904 URL
18	YANG S C， JEON S I， KIM H，et al. Stack design and operation for scaling up the capacity of flow-electrode capacitive deionization technology［J］. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering，2016，4（8）：4174-4180. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00689 doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00689 URL
19	MA Jinxing， MA Junjun， ZHANG Changyong，et al. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization （FCDI） scale-up using a membrane stack configuration［J］. Water Research，2020，168：115186. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.115186 doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115186 URL
20	刘康乐，彭思伟，史超，等. 流动电极电容去离子技术在水处理领域的研究进展［J］. 煤炭与化工，2020，43（7）：147-151.
	LIU Kangle， PENG Siwei， SHI Chao，et al. Research progress of flow-electrode capacitive deionization technology in water treatment field［J］. Coal and Chemical Industry，2020，43（7）：147-151.
21	YANG S C， KIM H， JEON S I，et al. Analysis of the desalting performance of flow-electrode capacitive deionization under short-circuited closed cycle operation［J］. Desalination，2017，424：110-121. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2017.09.032 doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2017.09.032 URL
22	LUO Kunyue， NIU Qiuya， ZHU Yuan，et al. Desalination behavior and performance of flow-electrode capacitive deionization under various operational modes［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2020，389：124051. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.124051 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124051 URL
23	MA Junjun， ZHANG Changyong， YANG Fan，et al. Carbon black flow electrode enhanced electrochemical desalination using single-cycle operation［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2020，54（2）：1177-1185. doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b04823 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04823 URL
24	MOURSHED M， NIYA S M R， OJHA R，et al. Carbon-based slurry electrodes for energy storage and power supply systems［J］. Energy Storage Materials，2021，40：461-489. doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2021.05.032 doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.05.032 URL
25	PORADA S， WEINGARTH D， HAMELERS H V M，et al. Carbon flow electrodes for continuous operation of capacitive deionization and capacitive mixing energy generation［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2014，2（24）：9313-9321. doi:10.1039/c4ta01783h doi: 10.1039/c4ta01783h URL
26	HATZELL K B， HATZELL M C， COOK K M，et al. Effect of oxidation of carbon material on suspension electrodes for flow electrode capacitive deionization［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2015，49（5）：3040-3047. doi:10.1021/es5055989 doi: 10.1021/es5055989 URL
27	LI Danping， NING Xu’an， YANG Chenghai，et al. Rich heteroatom doping magnetic carbon electrode for flow-capacitive deionization with enhanced salt removal ability［J］. Desalination，2020，482：114374. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2020.114374 doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114374 URL
28	XU Xingtao， WANG Miao，LIUYong，et al. Ultrahigh desalinization performance of asymmetric flow-electrode capacitive deionization device with an improved operation voltage of 1.8 V［J］. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering，2016，5（1）：189-195. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01212 doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01212 URL
29	SEREDYCH M， HULICOVA-JURCAKOVA D， GAO Q L，et al. Surface functional groups of carbons and the effects of their chemical character，density and accessibility to ions on electrochemical performance［J］. Carbon，2008，46（11）：1475-1488. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2008.06.027 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2008.06.027 URL
30	PARK H R， CHOI J， YANG S C，et al. Surface-modified spherical activated carbon for high carbon loading and its desalting performance in flow-electrode capacitive deionization［J］. RSC Advances，2016，6（74）：69720-69727. doi:10.1039/c6ra02480g doi: 10.1039/c6ra02480g URL
31	LIANG Peng， SUN Xueliang， BIAN Yanhong，et al. Optimized desalination performance of high voltage flow-electrode capacitive deionization by adding carbon black in flow-electrode［J］. Desalination，2017，420：63-69. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2017.05.023 doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2017.05.023 URL
32	TANG Kexin， YIACOUMI S， LI Yuping，et al. Enhanced water desalination by increasing the electroconductivity of carbon powders for high-performance flow-electrode capacitive deionization［J］. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering，2018，7（1）：1085-1094. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04746 doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04746 URL
33	MA Jinxing， HE Di， TANG Wangwang，et al. Development of redox-active flow electrodes for high-performance capacitive deionization［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2016，50（24）：13495-13501. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b03424 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03424 URL
34	DENNISON C R， BEIDAGHI M， HATZELL K B，et al. Effects of flow cell design on charge percolation and storage in the carbon slurry electrodes of electrochemical flow capacitors［J］. Journal of Power Sources，2014，247：489-496. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.08.101 doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.08.101 URL
35	YANG S C， CHOI J， YEO J G，et al. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization using an aqueous electrolyte with a high salt concentration［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2016，50（11）：5892-5899. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b04640 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04640 URL
36	ZHANG Jing， TANG Lin， TANG Wangwang，et al. Removal and recovery of phosphorus from low-strength wastewaters by flow-electrode capacitive deionization［J］. Separation and Purification Technology，2020，237：116322. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116322 doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116322 URL
37	杨宏艳，张卫珂，葛坤，等. 流动性电极电容去离子技术的脱盐性能研究［J］. 环境污染与防治，2017，39（8）：911-915.
	YANG Hongyan， ZHANG Weike， GE Kun，et al. Research on the desalination performance of fluid-electrode capacitive deionization technology［J］. Environmental Pollution and Control，2017，39（8）：911-915.
38	TANG Kexin， YIACOUMI S， LI Yuping，et al. Optimal conditions for efficient flow-electrode capacitive deionization［J］. Separation and Purification Technology，2020，240：1085-1094. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116626 doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116626 URL
39	JEON S I， YEO J G， YANG S C，et al. Ion storage and energy recovery of a flow-electrode capacitive deionization process［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2014，2（18）：6378. doi:10.1039/c4ta00377b doi: 10.1039/c4ta00377b URL
40	CHOI S， CHANG B， KANG J H，et al. Energy-efficient hybrid FCDI-NF desalination process with tunable salt rejection and high water recovery［J］. Journal of Membrane Science，2017，541：580-586. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2017.07.043 doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.07.043 URL
41	CHUNG H J， KIM J， KIM D I，et al. Feasibility study of reverse osmosis-flow capacitive deionization （RO-FCDI） for energy-efficient desalination using seawater as the flow-electrode aqueous electrolyte［J］. Desalination，2020，479：114326. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2020.114326 doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114326 URL
42	FANG Kuo， HE Wenyan， PENG Fei，et al. Ammonia recovery from concentrated solution by designing novel stacked FCDI cell［J］. Separation and Purification Technology，2020，250：117066. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117066 doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117066 URL
43	LIN Lin， HU Jiahui， LIU Jiahua，et al. Selective ammonium removal from synthetic wastewater by flow-electrode capacitive deionization using a novel K₂Ti₂O₅-activated carbon mixture electrode［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2020，54（19）：12723-12731. doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c04383 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04383 URL
44	ZHANG Changyong， WANG Min， XIAO Wei，et al. Phosphate selective recovery by magnetic iron oxide impregnated carbon flow-electrode capacitive deionization （FCDI）［J］. Water Research，2021，189：116653. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116653 doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116653 URL
45	ZHANG Changyong， MA Jinxing， SONG Jingke，et al. Continuous ammonia recovery from wastewaters using an integrated capacitive flow electrode membrane stripping system［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2018，52（24）：14275-14285. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b02743 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02743 URL
46	ZHANG Changyong， CHENG Xiang， WANG Min，et al. Phosphate recovery as vivianite using a flow-electrode capacitive desalination（FCDI） and fluidized bed crystallization（FBC） coupled system［J］. Water Research，2021，194：116939. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.116939 doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116939 URL
47	ZHANG Xudong， YANG Fan， MA Junjun，et al. Effective removal and selective capture of copper from salty solution in flow electrode capacitive deionization［J］. Environmental Science：Water Research & Technology，2020，6（2）：341-350. doi:10.1039/c9ew00467j doi: 10.1039/c9ew00467j URL
48	HE C， MA Jinxing， ZHANG Changyong，et al. Short-circuited closed-cycle operation of flow-electrode CDI for brackish water softening［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2018，52（16）：9350-9360. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b02807 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02807 URL
49	YU Chao， XU Longqian， MAO Yunfeng，et al. Efficient recovery of carboxylates from the effluents treated by advanced oxidation processes using flow-electrode capacitive deionization in short-circuited closed-cycle operation［J］. Separation and Purification Technology，2021，275：119151. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119151 doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119151 URL
50	ZHANG Changyong， MA Jinxing， WU Lei，et al. Flow electrode capacitive deionization（FCDI）：Recent developments，environmental applications，and future perspectives［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2021，55（8）：4243-4267. doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c06552 doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06552 URL
51	LIM H，HA Y， JUNG H B，et al. Energy storage and generation through desalination using flow-electrodes capacitive deionization［J］. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry，2020，81：317-322. doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2019.09.020 doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.09.020 URL

[1]	杨吉祥, 杨金兵, 尹龙天, 董健. 热泵耦合增湿去湿处理渗滤液浓缩液的中试研究[J]. 工业水处理, 2025, 45(2): 144-149.
[2]	杨晨毅, 周锡琨, 罗豪鹏, 江芳, 陈欢. 高矿化度矿井水脱盐技术研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2025, 45(2): 18-26.
[3]	严硕, 南军, 李晓云, 卢雁飞, 王庆波, 孙彦民, 周永敏. MXenes基纳米材料在水处理脱盐领域研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2024, 44(5): 64-70.
[4]	许兵, 杨晓彤, 刘佳, 张旭, 姚兴洁, 郭培勋, 张新玉. 太阳能界面蒸发可持续离网脱盐技术研究[J]. 工业水处理, 2024, 44(4): 58-65.
[5]	胡景泽, 王庆吉, 甘霖, 谢加才, 王毅霖. 石油石化含盐有机废水脱盐处理技术及资源化研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2024, 44(1): 32-43.
[6]	陈付爱, 牛纪娥. 太阳能热脱盐的途径和应用研究[J]. 工业水处理, 2023, 43(3): 48-54.
[7]	杨泽琨, 陈青柏, 王建友, 徐勇, 高阳. 基于可再生能源的膜脱盐技术进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2023, 43(12): 14-25.
[8]	王翠翠, 卢海凤, 张光明, 司哺春, 蒋伟忠. 近红外光对光合细菌利用废水累积高价值产物的影响[J]. 工业水处理, 2023, 43(11): 126-136.
[9]	唐晓东, 张琳玉, 李晶晶, 冯雪峰, 曹晔飞, 高志强. 高盐废水绿色脱盐用于洗涤环氧树脂的实验研究[J]. 工业水处理, 2023, 43(11): 189-194.
[10]	于学斌, 胡大龙, 方立, 余耀宏, 郗天浩, 孙东奇, 叶茂. 某火电厂水资源利用及污染防治改造方案和经济分析[J]. 工业水处理, 2023, 43(10): 179-184.
[11]	张傲, 王好, 冉凡, 张琳婧, 陈子薇, 任宏洋. 页岩气压裂返排液电渗析脱盐处理技术研究[J]. 工业水处理, 2022, 42(8): 102-107.
[12]	夏传, 刘双, 李绪忠, 王杰, 李运龙. 铅锌冶炼废水脱盐零排放工程实例[J]. 工业水处理, 2022, 42(4): 164-169.
[13]	倪亭亭,王云钟,吴永明,邓觅,梁培瑜. 电厂反渗透浓水回用工程实例[J]. 工业水处理, 2022, 42(3): 182-185.
[14]	刘建路,岳茂文,陈晓宇,魏强,肖晓. 反渗透海水淡化中无机结垢的现象及实时监测[J]. 工业水处理, 2021, 41(7): 25-33.
[15]	张绍广,汪本武,黄焌淞,史毓泉,代齐加,陈宴辉. 海上油田污水处理不达标的问题探究及解决方案[J]. 工业水处理, 2021, 41(5): 131-134, 139.

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容