新型电渗析工艺的技术发展与应用

doi:10.11894/iwt.2020-0564

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

传统电渗析工艺在去除有害离子和脱盐领域虽具有明显的技术优势却也存在一定的技术限制。近年来，研究者相继开发了可原位产酸碱的双极膜电渗析、利用膜特性进行离子选择性分离的选择性电渗析、具有重组和浓缩离子能力的复分解电渗析、将化学差势能转化为电势差发电的逆电渗析等新型电渗析技术，同时又将光电池引入装置缓解了能耗问题。综述了各种新型电渗析技术的最新研究和应用领域，以期推动电渗析技术的应用发展。

关键词: 电渗析, 新型电渗析, 脱盐, 能耗

Abstract:

Traditional electrodialysis(ED) technology has obvious advantages in terms of removing harmful ions and desalination, however it also has some technical limitations. In recent years, researchers have successively developed several new ED techniques, such as bipolar membrane electrodialysis technique for in-situ simultaneous acid and base generation, selective electrodialysis using membrane characteristics for ion selective separation, electrodialysis metathesis with ability of recombination and ion concentration, reverse electrodialysis that converts chemical potential energy into electric potential difference. Meanwhile, researchers also introduce photovoltaic into the unit to reduce energy consumption. The latest research and application fields of various new electrodialysis-relate technologies are summarized to promote the application and development of electrodialysis technology.

Key words: electrodialysis, new electrodialysis, desalination, energy consumption

中图分类号:

TQ028
X703

余超,刘飞峰,徐龙乾,毛云峰,吴德礼. 新型电渗析工艺的技术发展与应用[J]. 工业水处理, 2021, 41(1): 30-37.

Chao Yu,Feifeng Liu,Longqian Xu,Yunfeng Mao,Deli Wu. Development and application of new electrodialysis technologies[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2021, 41(1): 30-37.

https://www.iwt.cn/CN/Y2021/V41/I1/30

图/表 8

参考文献 56

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脱盐技术	能耗/ （kW·h·m^-3）	优点	缺点
传统电渗析	0.4~8.7	能耗低、药剂耗量少、对盐含量适应性强	膜堵塞、选择分离性差
多级闪蒸	14~25	蒸发迅速、不易结垢	能耗高
多效蒸发/蒸馏	7~25	工艺成熟	结垢问题、能耗高
膜蒸馏	22~67	可处理高盐度废水、低污染	回收率低、能耗高
机械蒸汽压缩	20~25	技术成熟	结垢问题、能耗高

脱盐技术	能耗/ （kW·h·m^-3）	优点	缺点
传统电渗析	0.4~8.7	能耗低、药剂耗量少、对盐含量适应性强	膜堵塞、选择分离性差
多级闪蒸	14~25	蒸发迅速、不易结垢	能耗高
多效蒸发/蒸馏	7~25	工艺成熟	结垢问题、能耗高
膜蒸馏	22~67	可处理高盐度废水、低污染	回收率低、能耗高
机械蒸汽压缩	20~25	技术成熟	结垢问题、能耗高

应用领域	传统工艺劣势	双极膜工艺优势
有机酸碱制备	耗费酸碱、工艺复杂、产生两废	不需添加酸碱、工艺简单
食品工业	耗费酸碱、难以体系控制pH	利用膜上pH变化进行精准控制
烟气脱硫	耗碱量大、脱硫副产物无法利用	不需加碱、可回收硫酸、零排放
氯碱工业	耗费电能、同时产生气体影响工况	不需电解水、不产生气体
黏胶行业	极耗费酸碱	不添加酸碱、可实现副产物芒硝资源化

应用领域	传统工艺劣势	双极膜工艺优势
有机酸碱制备	耗费酸碱、工艺复杂、产生两废	不需添加酸碱、工艺简单
食品工业	耗费酸碱、难以体系控制pH	利用膜上pH变化进行精准控制
烟气脱硫	耗碱量大、脱硫副产物无法利用	不需加碱、可回收硫酸、零排放
氯碱工业	耗费电能、同时产生气体影响工况	不需电解水、不产生气体
黏胶行业	极耗费酸碱	不添加酸碱、可实现副产物芒硝资源化

电渗析工艺	原理	优点	缺点	主要应用领域
双极膜电渗析（BMED）	引入双极膜，膜一侧产氢离子一侧产氢氧根	脱盐的同时产生相应酸和碱	昂贵的膜维护更换成本和电能成本	原位生产或回收有机酸碱
选择性电渗析（SED）	引入选择性离子交换膜	可分离价态不同的离子	离子交换膜成本高、流量高、脱盐效率低	分离回收单价/多价离子
复分解电渗析（EDM）	通过离子重组合成目标产物	无需蒸发或萃取，无需引入酸碱液	装置复杂，进水要求高	生产无氯钾肥、氨基酸盐
逆电渗析（RED）	利用浓度差将化学能转为电能	成本低、膜污染小	能量转化效率低、无机物积垢	循环产能、低能耗脱盐产业

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