提升电容去离子效能的电极材料功能化策略

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2020-0844

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

电容去离子（CDI）技术因其操作简便、高效和绿色等优点备受脱盐领域研究者们关注，电极材料一直是CDI领域研究焦点。围绕电容去离子效能提升，以功能化电极材料为核心，针对活性炭、石墨烯、二硫化钼、碳纳米管及金属有机框架等近3年最为热门的材料，综述了它们及其功能化材料在构建策略、电吸附性能增强方面的重要研究进展，并着重对比了它们应用条件差异和电化学性能优劣。通过深度理解构效关系，总结出介、微孔合理立体架构、杂元素掺杂、表面修饰改性的主体修饰策略，以期进一步构建出制备方法绿色、性能优异的电容去离子用电极材料，实现其高效脱盐应用，最后对电容去离子的发展和应用进行了合理展望。

关键词: 电容去离子, 电极材料, 功能化修饰

Abstract:

Capacitive deionization(CDI) technology has attracted the attention of researchers in the field of seawater desalination due to its advantages of simple operation, high efficiency, and environmental protection. Electrode materials are always a focus of research in CDI field. This article was focused on the enhancement of capacitive deionization(CDI) performance based on the most popular materials such as activated carbon, graphene, molybdenum disulfide, carbon nanotubes and metal-organic frameworks reviewed in the past three years, and the functionalization of electrode materials was the core. Functional materials had made important progresses in construction strategies and electrosorption performance enhancements, and we had compared the pros and cons among the materials in applicable conditions and electrochemical performance. Through in-depth understanding of the structure-activity relation-ship, we summarized the main modification strategy of the reasonable three-dimensional structure of the mesopores, the doping of impurities, the surface modification and hope to further construct a green, excellent performance electro-adsorption electrode material to achieve efficient desalination. Finally, a reasonable prospect was provided for the development and application of capacitive deionization.

Key words: capacitive deionization, electrode materials, functional modification

中图分类号:

喻舰,胡绅,张须媚,谢康俊,宋海欧,张树鹏. 提升电容去离子效能的电极材料功能化策略[J]. 工业水处理, 2021, 41(11): 32-39.

Jian YU,Shen HU,Xumei ZHANG,Kangjun XIE,Haiou SONG,Shupeng ZHANG. Functionalization strategy of electrode materials to improve the performance of capacitor deionization[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2021, 41(11): 32-39.

https://www.iwt.cn/CN/Y2021/V41/I11/32

图/表 1

参考文献 52

1	QIAO Panzhe , WU Jiaxing , LI Haoze , et al. Plasmon Ag-promoted solar-thermal conversion on floating carbon cloth for seawater desalination and sewage disposal[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2019, 11 (7): 7066- 7073. URL
2	DONG Hang , SHEPSKO , CHELSEY S , et al. Hybrid ion exchange desalination(HIX-Desal) of impaired brackish water using pressurized carbon dioxide(CO₂) as the source of energy and regenerant[J]. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 2018, 5 (11): 701- 706. URL
3	AHMED M A , TEWARI S . Capacitive deionization: Processes, materials and state of the technology[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2018, 813, 178- 192. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.02.024
4	CHEN Chao , JIANG Yilin , YE Zhaoyong , et al. Sustainably integrating desalination with solar power to overcome future freshwater scarcity in China[J]. Global Energy Interconnection, 2019, 2 (2): 98- 113. doi: 10.1016/j.gloei.2019.07.009
5	GAO X , OMOSEBI A , HOLUBOWITCH N , et al. Capacitive deionization using alternating polarization: Effect of surface charge on salt removal[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2017, 233, 249- 255. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.021
6	HAWKS S A , RAMACHANDRAN A , CAMPBELL P G , et al. Performance metrics for the objective assessment of capacitive deionization systems[J]. Water Research, 2019, 152, 126- 137. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.074
7	张须媚, 王霜, 高娟娟, 等. 电容去离子技术在水处理中的应用[J]. 水处理技术, 2018, 44 (9): 16- 21. URL
8	XING Wenle , LIANG Jie , TANG Wangwang , et al. Versatile applications of capacitive deionization(CDI)-based technologies[J]. Desalination, 2020, 482, 114390. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114390
9	HAN Bing , CHENG Gong , WANG Yunkai , et al. Structure and functionality design of novel carbon and faradaic electrode materials for high-performance capacitive deionization[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 360, 364- 384. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.236
10	SINGH K , PORADA S , DE GIER H D , et al. Timeline on the application of intercalation materials in Capacitive Deionization[J]. Desalination, 2019, 455, 115- 134. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2018.12.015
11	CHEN Zhaolin , ZHANG Hongtao , WU Chunxu , et al. A study of electrosorption selectivity of anions by activated carbon electrodes in capacitive deionization[J]. Desalination, 2015, 369, 46- 50. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2015.04.022
12	YOON H , LEE J , KIM S , et al. Capacitive deionization with Ca-alginate coated-carbon electrode for hardness control[J]. Desalination, 2016, 392, 46- 53. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2016.03.019
13	LI Bei , ZHENG Tianye , RAN Sijia , et al. Performance recovery in degraded carbon-based electrodes for capacitive deionization[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2020, 54 (3): 1848- 1856. URL
14	LIU Yihan , ZHANG Xiongfei , GU Xiao , et al. One-step turning leather wastes into heteroatom doped carbon aerogel for performance enhanced capacitive deionization[J]. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2020, 303, 110303. doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110303
15	BIAN Yanhong , LIANG Peng , YANG Xufei , et al. Using activated carbon fiber separators to enhance the desalination rate of membrane capacitive deionization[J]. Desalination, 2016, 381, 95- 99. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2015.11.016
16	WANG Shuo , WANG Dazhi , JI Lijun , et al. Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the removal of NaCl from aqueous solutions by electrosorption on carbon nanotube electrodes[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2007, 58 (1): 12- 16. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2007.07.005
17	XU Ke , LIU Yanhui , AN Zihan , et al. The polymeric conformational effect on capacitive deionization performance of graphene oxide/polypyrrole composite electrode[J]. Desalination, 2020, 486, 114407. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114407
18	DIANBUDIYANTO W , LIU Shouheng . Outstanding performance of capacitive deionization by a hierarchically porous 3D architectural graphene[J]. Desalination, 2019, 152, 126- 137. URL
19	SUFIANI O , ELISADIKI J , MACHUNDA R L , et al. Modification strategies to enhance electrosorption performance of activated carbon electrodes for capacitive deionization applications[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2019, 848, 113328. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113328
20	CHEN Zhaolin , ZHANG Hongtao , WU Chunxu , et al. A study of the effect of carbon characteristics on capacitive deionization(CDI) performance[J]. Desalination, 2018, 433, 68- 74. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2017.11.036
21	MIN B H , CHOI J H , JUNG K Y . Improved capacitive deionization of sulfonated carbon/titania hybrid electrode[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 270, 543- 551. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.079
22	HAQ O , CHOI D S , CHOI J , et al. Carbon electrodes with ionic functional groups for enhanced capacitive deionization performance[J]. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2020, 83, 136- 144. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.11.021
23	JUNG Y , YAN Y , KIM T , et al. Enhanced electrochemical stability of a Zwitterionic-Polymer-Functionalized electrode for capacitive deionization[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10 (7): 6207- 6217. URL
24	KIM K H , KANG D H , KIM M J , et al. Effect of C-F bonds introduced by fluorination on the desalination properties of activated carbon as the cathode for capacitive deionization[J]. Desalination, 2019, 457, 1- 7. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2018.12.005
25	DREYER D R , PARK S , BIELAWSKI C W , et al. The chemistry of graphene oxide[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2009, 39 (1): 228- 240.
26	PORADA , S , ZHAO R , VAN DER WAL A , et al. Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization[J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2013, 58 (8): 1388- 1442. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.03.005
27	ZHANG Xumei , XIE Kangjun , GAO Juanjuan , et al. Highly poreexpanded benzidine-functionalized graphene framework for enhanced capacitive deionization[J]. Desalination, 2018, 445, 149- 158. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2018.08.001
28	GONG Xuezhong , LIU Guozhen , LI Yingshun , et al. Functionalizedgraphene composites: Fabrication and applications in sustainable energy and environment[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2016, 28 (22): 8082- 8118. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b01447
29	张树鹏, 宋海欧, 钱沁莱, 等. 增强功能化石墨烯分散性及热稳定性的共价修饰策略[J]. 化学通报, 2013, 76, 506- 511. URL
30	钱悦月, 张树鹏, 高娟娟, 等. 石墨烯非共价功能化及其应用[J]. 化学通报, 2015, 78, 497- 504. URL
31	MI Mengjuan , LIU Xiaojun , KONG Weiqing , et al. Hierarchical composite of N-doped carbon sphere and holey graphene hydrogel for high-performance capacitive deionization[J]. Desalination, 2019, 464, 18- 24. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2019.04.014
32	BAUTISTA-PATACSIL L , LAZARTE J P L , DIPASUPIL R C , et al. Deionization utilizing reduced graphene oxide-titanium dioxide nanotubes composite for the removal of Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2020, 8 (3): 103063. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2019.103063
33	HU Shen , XIE Kangjun , ZHANG Xumei , et al. Significantly enhanced capacitance deionization performance by coupling activated carbon with triethyltetramine-functionalized graphene[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 384, 123317. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123317
34	SONG Haiou , WU Yifan , ZHANG Shupeng , et al. Mesoporous generation-inspired ultrahigh capacitive deionization performance by sono-assembled activated carbon/inter-connected graphene network architecture[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2016, 205, 161- 169. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.082
35	XING Fei , LI Tao , LI Junye , et al. Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ for capacitive deionization of saline water[J]. Nano Energy, 2017, 31, 590- 595. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.012
36	JIA Feifei , SUN Kaige , YANG Bingqiao , et al. Defect-rich molybdenum disulfide as electrode for enhanced capacitive deionization from water[J]. Desalination, 2018, 446, 21- 30. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2018.08.024
37	WANG Qingmiao , JIA Feifei , SONG Shaoxian , et al. Hydrophilic MoS₂/polydopamine(PDA) nanocomposites as the electrode for enhanced capacitive deionization[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2020, 236, 116298. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116298
38	TIAN Shichao , ZHANG Xihui , ZHANG Zhenghua . Capacitive deionization with MoS₂/g-C₃N₄ electrodes[J]. Desalination, 2020, 479, 114348. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114348
39	HOU C H , LIU N L , HSU H L , et al. Development of multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite as electrode for capacitive deionization[J]. Separation & Purification Technology, 2014, 130, 7- 14. URL
40	MA Dongya , WANG Yue , CAI Yanmeng , et al. Multifunctional group sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin polymer treated CNT as the cathode for enhanced performance in asymmetric capacitive deionization[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2019, 313, 321- 330. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.041
41	ZENG Tianyu , WANG Liwen , FENG Lu , et al. Two novel organic phosphorous-based MOFs: Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic properties[J]. Dalton Transactions, 2019, 48 (2): 523- 534. doi: 10.1039/C8DT04106G
42	ZONG Mingzhu , ZHANG Yuyan , LI Kexun , et al. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 derived two-dimensional N-doped amorphous mesoporous carbon nanosheets for efficient capacitive deionization[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2020, 329, 135089. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135089
43	LIU Yong , XU Xintong , WANG Miao . Metal-organic framework-derived porous carbon polyhedra for highly efficient capacitive deionization[J]. Chemical Communications, 2015, 51 (60): 12020- 12023. doi: 10.1039/C5CC03999A
44	SHEN Jiaming , LI Yang , WANG Chaohai , et al. Hollow ZIFs-derived nanoporous carbon for efficient capacitive deionization[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 273, 34- 42. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.004
45	ZHAO Yubo , ZHANG Yuyan , TIAN Pei , et al. Nitrogen-rich mesoporous carbons derived from zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 for efficient capacitive deionization[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2019, 321, 134665. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134665
46	LI Yusen , CHEN Weiben , XING Guolong , et al. New synthetic strategies toward covalent organic frameworks[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2020, 49 (10): 2852- 2868. doi: 10.1039/D0CS00199F
47	LIU Daohua , NING Xunan , HONG Yanxiang , et al. Covalent triazine-based frameworks as electrodes for high-performance membrane capacitive deionization[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2019, 296, 327- 334. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.10.044
48	LI Danping , NING Xunan , HUANG Yue , et al. Nitrogen-rich microporous carbon materials for high-performance membrane capacitive deionization[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2019, 312, 251- 262. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.172
49	XIE Zhengzheng , SHANG Xiaohong , YAN Junbin , et al. Biomassderived porous carbon anode for high-performance capacitive deionization[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 290, 666- 675. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.104
50	LADO J J , ZORNITTA R L , VAZQUEZ , et al. Sugarcane biowastederived biochars as capacitive deionization electrodes for brackish water desalination and water-softening applications[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2019, 7 (23): 18992- 19004. URL
51	ZHANG Lu , LIU Yong , LU Ting , et al. Cocoon derived nitrogen enriched activated carbon fiber networks for capacitive deionization[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2017, 804, 179- 184. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.09.062
52	MUTHUKUMARASWAMY R V , EDATHIL A A , KANNANGARA Y Y , et al. Tamarind shell derived N-doped carbon for capacitive deionization(CDI) studies[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2019, 848, 113307. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113307

材料	比表面积/（m ²·g ^-1）	〔比电容/（F·g ^-1）〕/〔扫速/（mV·s ^-1）〕	电极电压/V	吸附容量/（mg·g ^-1）	盐质量浓度/（mg·L ^-1）
AC-TiO ₂-S^〔21〕	—	238/5	1.2	10.00	500
S-AC^〔22〕	—	—/5	1.0	14.70	500
AT250-20/AC-PVA^〔23〕	46.8	—/—	1.5	34.50	3 200
FAC^〔24〕	—	255/5	1.2	16.50	500
N-HMCS^〔31〕	337.7	226.5/1	1.4	17.80	500
DAB-mGO130^〔27〕	731.4	78.92/5	1.4	13.55	300
TETA-mGO/AC-10%^〔33〕	—	297.57/1	1.6	15.17	60
AC/mPEA-fG^〔34〕	—	27.9/10	1.8	12.58	1 462
MoS ₂^〔36〕	29.5	74.22/5	0.8	8.80	100
T-MoS ₂^〔36〕	42.8	221.35/5	0.8	24.60	100
MoS ₂/PDA-4^〔37〕	—	99.9/20	1.2	16.94	200
g-C ₃N ₄^〔38〕	32.81	18.56/100	1.4	4.90	500
MoS ₂/g-C ₃N ₄^〔38〕	174.26	118.3/100	1.6	24.16	250
MWCNTs/PVA^〔39〕	208	47.4/5	1.2	13.07	59
CNT@SBE-b-CDP^〔40〕	—	60.9/5	1.2	6.37	500
ZIF-8^〔43〕	1187.8	275.69/1	1.2	13.86	500
HZCs^〔44〕	642.7	214.7/5	1.2	15.31	500
ZIF-8/KOH^〔45〕	3276.28	90.53/10	1.2	20.29	1 000
NKZCs^〔45〕	2564.99	155.83/10	1.2	31.30	1 000
ZMCs^〔42〕	614.6	182.22/10	1.2	46.40	1 000
CTFs^〔47〕	361.6	122.63/1	1.2	29.34	1 000
HAT-CN^〔48〕	830.9	179.2/5	1.2	24.66	500
SCBFA-ACs^〔50〕	~125	117/5	1.2	22.80	600
N-CFs^〔51〕	792.4	196.05/1	1.2	12.02	500
AN-CFs^〔51〕	905.3	236.03/1	1.2	16.56	500

材料	比表面积/（m ²·g ^-1）	〔比电容/（F·g ^-1）〕/〔扫速/（mV·s ^-1）〕	电极电压/V	吸附容量/（mg·g ^-1）	盐质量浓度/（mg·L ^-1）
AC-TiO ₂-S^〔21〕	—	238/5	1.2	10.00	500
S-AC^〔22〕	—	—/5	1.0	14.70	500
AT250-20/AC-PVA^〔23〕	46.8	—/—	1.5	34.50	3 200
FAC^〔24〕	—	255/5	1.2	16.50	500
N-HMCS^〔31〕	337.7	226.5/1	1.4	17.80	500
DAB-mGO130^〔27〕	731.4	78.92/5	1.4	13.55	300
TETA-mGO/AC-10%^〔33〕	—	297.57/1	1.6	15.17	60
AC/mPEA-fG^〔34〕	—	27.9/10	1.8	12.58	1 462
MoS ₂^〔36〕	29.5	74.22/5	0.8	8.80	100
T-MoS ₂^〔36〕	42.8	221.35/5	0.8	24.60	100
MoS ₂/PDA-4^〔37〕	—	99.9/20	1.2	16.94	200
g-C ₃N ₄^〔38〕	32.81	18.56/100	1.4	4.90	500
MoS ₂/g-C ₃N ₄^〔38〕	174.26	118.3/100	1.6	24.16	250
MWCNTs/PVA^〔39〕	208	47.4/5	1.2	13.07	59
CNT@SBE-b-CDP^〔40〕	—	60.9/5	1.2	6.37	500
ZIF-8^〔43〕	1187.8	275.69/1	1.2	13.86	500
HZCs^〔44〕	642.7	214.7/5	1.2	15.31	500
ZIF-8/KOH^〔45〕	3276.28	90.53/10	1.2	20.29	1 000
NKZCs^〔45〕	2564.99	155.83/10	1.2	31.30	1 000
ZMCs^〔42〕	614.6	182.22/10	1.2	46.40	1 000
CTFs^〔47〕	361.6	122.63/1	1.2	29.34	1 000
HAT-CN^〔48〕	830.9	179.2/5	1.2	24.66	500
SCBFA-ACs^〔50〕	~125	117/5	1.2	22.80	600
N-CFs^〔51〕	792.4	196.05/1	1.2	12.02	500
AN-CFs^〔51〕	905.3	236.03/1	1.2	16.56	500

[1]	蒲梦晗, 黎人铖, 肖伟龙, 高铭, 陈文清. 电容去离子技术电极抗腐蚀性能研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2025, 45(3): 44-54.
[2]	房金峰, 曲莹, 赵玉博, 刘汝鹏, 张震, 齐震, 樊浩宇, 朱炜臣. 电容去离子技术去除水中硝酸盐的研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2024, 44(7): 29-37.
[3]	严硕, 南军, 李晓云, 卢雁飞, 王庆波, 孙彦民, 周永敏. MXenes基纳米材料在水处理脱盐领域研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2024, 44(5): 64-70.
[4]	程一杰, 冯礼奎, 于志勇, 宋小宁, 安佳佳, 张晓松, 张大全. 电容去离子技术用于模拟调相机转子冷却水处理的研究[J]. 工业水处理, 2024, 44(10): 174-182.
[5]	李春彤, 任会学, 林姝羽, 孙士泽, 白远慧, 孙铭璞, 武道吉. 难降解废水污染治理中DSA电极的优化研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2023, 43(8): 48-56.
[6]	张会霞, 朱令之, 周立山, 谢陈鑫, 张程蕾, 韩恩山. 光电催化降解废水中抗生素的研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2023, 43(11): 104-113.
[7]	雍天智, 李阳, 陆建刚, 林若昀, 吴俊升, 左晓俊. 流动电极电容去离子技术研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2023, 43(1): 17-25.
[8]	何池飞, 肖宁, 李静, 刘文娟. 循环冷却水电化学处理技术研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2022, 42(12): 26-33.
[9]	董旭明, 张胜寒, 狄杰, 王智麟, 祁伟健. 电吸附电极材料的研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2022, 42(1): 48-55.
[10]	陈永盛,廖德祥,魏福强,胡超,琚佳琪,刘泊洋. 不同电极活化过硫酸盐处理污染物的研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2021, 41(6): 141-148.
[11]	宫傲,刘洋,赵玉博,李克勋. 电容去离子材料改性及装置改良研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2021, 41(4): 14-19.
[12]	刘晓艳,王一楠,陆谢娟,陈才,吴晓晖,毛娟. CPC改性活性炭电极电吸附除砷性能研究[J]. 工业水处理, 2020, 40(2): 23-27.
[13]	徐斌,张孝飞,何斐,皋海岭,王冉冉,吴文倩,杨文忠,张毅敏. 石墨烯基材料对低浓度镉离子的电吸附研究[J]. 工业水处理, 2020, 40(10): 34-38.
[14]	韩登程,孙雪菲,王曙光. 石墨烯气凝胶/MnO₂复合材料强化电容去离子性能研究[J]. 工业水处理, 2020, 40(1): 69-72.
[15]	张思韬,韩严和,张晓飞,陈家庆. 用于处理工业废水的电极材料研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2019, 39(11): 1-6, 57.

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容