“双碳”背景下城市污水低碳处理技术与资源化利用分析

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2025-0260

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在全球气候变化和“双碳”目标的双重驱动下，城市污水处理行业正加速向低碳化和资源化方向转型。系统梳理了污水处理技术的优化、创新路径，重点探讨了传统活性污泥法的升级策略及新型生物处理技术〔好氧颗粒污泥（AGS）、厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）、厌氧-好氧-缺氧工艺（A/O/A）和膜曝气生物膜反应器（MABR）〕的开发与应用。通过精准曝气、优化碳源利用及构建集成固定化活性污泥/生物膜反应器（IFAS/MBBR）系统，传统工艺的能耗显著降低，处理效率得到显著提升。新型污水生物处理技术在减少碳排放、提高处理效率和降低能耗方面展现出巨大潜力。同时，再生水利用、资源回收和能源转化已成为污水资源化利用的3大核心方向，为缓解水资源短缺、降低碳排放和推动可持续发展提供重要的解决方案。未来，技术创新与工艺优化仍将是实现污水处理低碳化与资源化的关键途径，通过进一步探索高效、低耗的处理技术，推动污水处理行业向绿色、可持续的方向发展。

关键词: 城市污水, “ 双碳”, 活性污泥法, 新型生物技术, 资源化利用, 可持续发展

Abstract:

Driven by global climate change and the pursuit of the “dual carbon” goals, the urban wastewater treatment sector is accelerating its transformation toward low-carbon operation and resource recovery. This paper systematically examined the optimization and innovation pathways for wastewater treatment technologies, with focus on upgrading strategies for conventional activated sludge processes and exploring the development and application of emerging biological treatment technologies, including aerobic granular sludge (AGS), anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox), the anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic (A/O/A) process, and membrane aerated biofilm reactors (MABR). Through the adoption of precise aeration control, optimized carbon source utilization, and integrated fixed-film activated sludge/moving bed biofilm reactor (IFAS/MBBR) systems, significant reductions in energy consumption and notable improvements in treatment efficiency had been achieved for traditional processes. These emerging biological technologies had demonstrated considerable potential in curbing carbon emissions, enhancing treatment efficacy, and lowering energy demands. Concurrently, reclaimed water reuse, resource recovery, and energy conversion had emerged as the three core pillars of wastewater resource utilization, offering vital solutions to mitigate water scarcity, reduce carbon footprints, and foster sustainable development. Looking ahead, continuous technological innovation and process optimization will remain the key paths to realizing low-carbon, resource-efficient wastewater treatment. Further exploration of high-efficiency, low-energy consumption technologies will be instrumental in steering the industry toward a green and sustainable future.

Key words: urban wastewater, “dual carbon”, activated sludge process, advanced biological technologies, resource utilization, sustainable development

中图分类号:

X703

蒙小俊, 葛光环, 蒙欣. “双碳”背景下城市污水低碳处理技术与资源化利用分析[J]. 工业水处理, 2026, 46(3): 33-46.

Xiaojun MENG, Guanghuan GE, Xin MENG. Analysis of low-carbon technologies and resource utilization in urban wastewater treatment under the “dual carbon” goals[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2026, 46(3): 33-46.

https://www.iwt.cn/CN/Y2026/V46/I3/33

图/表 4

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项目	传统脱氮	Anammox脱氮
项目	传统脱氮	PNA	PDA
反应式	NH₄ ⁺+2O₂→NO₃ ^-+H₂O+2H⁺ CH₃COOH+2O₂→2CO₂+2H₂O	NH₄ ⁺+1.37O₂+0.08CO₂+0.02HCO₃ ^-→0.98NO₂ ^-+0.02C₅H₇NO₂+0.97H₂O+1.96H⁺	NH₄ ⁺+1.82O₂+0.13CO₂→0.03C₅H₇NO₂+0.97NO₃ ^-+0.92H₂O+1.97H⁺
			NO₃ ^-+0.37CH₃COO^-+0.036H⁺→0.036C₅H₇NO₂+0.97NO₂ ^-+0.37HCO₃ ^-+0.26H₂O+0.19CO₂
	5CH₃COO^-+5H⁺+8NO₃ ^-→4N₂+10CO₂+6H₂O+8OH^-	NH₄ ⁺+1.32NO₂ ^-+0.066HCO₃ ^-+0.13H⁺→ 1.02N₂+0.26NO₃ ^-+0.066CH₂O_0.5N_0.15+2.03H₂O	NH₄ ⁺+1.32NO₂ ^-+0.066HCO₃ ^-+0.13H⁺→ 1.02N₂+0.26NO₃ ^-+0.066CH₂O_0.5N_0.15+2.03H₂O
运行条件	好氧+缺氧	限氧+厌氧	好氧+厌氧
电子供体	碳源	NH₄ ⁺-N	碳源+NH₄ ⁺-N
功能菌株	AOB+NOB+DNB	AOB+AAOB	AOB+NOB+DNB+AAOB
氮去除率/%	100	89	100
耗O₂量（以去除单位质量NH₄ ⁺-N计）/（g·g^-1）	4.57	1.95	2.39
COD消耗量（以去除单位质量NH₄ ⁺-N计）/（g·g^-1）	2.86	0.31	1.31
生物污泥产生量（以去除单位质量NH₄ ⁺-N计）/（g·g^-1）	0.86	0.14	0.29
CO₂排放量（以去除单位质量NH₄ ⁺-N计）/（g·g^-1）	3.93	0	0.79
N₂O排放对比	100%	减少57%	减少50%

项目	传统脱氮	Anammox脱氮
项目	传统脱氮	PNA	PDA
反应式	NH₄ ⁺+2O₂→NO₃ ^-+H₂O+2H⁺ CH₃COOH+2O₂→2CO₂+2H₂O	NH₄ ⁺+1.37O₂+0.08CO₂+0.02HCO₃ ^-→0.98NO₂ ^-+0.02C₅H₇NO₂+0.97H₂O+1.96H⁺	NH₄ ⁺+1.82O₂+0.13CO₂→0.03C₅H₇NO₂+0.97NO₃ ^-+0.92H₂O+1.97H⁺
			NO₃ ^-+0.37CH₃COO^-+0.036H⁺→0.036C₅H₇NO₂+0.97NO₂ ^-+0.37HCO₃ ^-+0.26H₂O+0.19CO₂
	5CH₃COO^-+5H⁺+8NO₃ ^-→4N₂+10CO₂+6H₂O+8OH^-	NH₄ ⁺+1.32NO₂ ^-+0.066HCO₃ ^-+0.13H⁺→ 1.02N₂+0.26NO₃ ^-+0.066CH₂O_0.5N_0.15+2.03H₂O	NH₄ ⁺+1.32NO₂ ^-+0.066HCO₃ ^-+0.13H⁺→ 1.02N₂+0.26NO₃ ^-+0.066CH₂O_0.5N_0.15+2.03H₂O
运行条件	好氧+缺氧	限氧+厌氧	好氧+厌氧
电子供体	碳源	NH₄ ⁺-N	碳源+NH₄ ⁺-N
功能菌株	AOB+NOB+DNB	AOB+AAOB	AOB+NOB+DNB+AAOB
氮去除率/%	100	89	100
耗O₂量（以去除单位质量NH₄ ⁺-N计）/（g·g^-1）	4.57	1.95	2.39
COD消耗量（以去除单位质量NH₄ ⁺-N计）/（g·g^-1）	2.86	0.31	1.31
生物污泥产生量（以去除单位质量NH₄ ⁺-N计）/（g·g^-1）	0.86	0.14	0.29
CO₂排放量（以去除单位质量NH₄ ⁺-N计）/（g·g^-1）	3.93	0	0.79
N₂O排放对比	100%	减少57%	减少50%

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