摘要：

生物滞留设施作为海绵城市雨洪管理核心设施，其脱氮除磷效能受填料性能制约。系统综述了生物滞留设施填料的类型、作用机理及研究与应用现状，传统砂石填料对TN和TP的去除率（20%~40%，40%~60%）普遍低于海绵城市地表径流污染物去除标准（TN≥50%，TP≥60%），主要是因为反硝化电子供体不足与吸附容量有限。新型填料对污染物的去除效能显著提升：黄铁矿等铁基填料利用硫自养反硝化及金属络合作用，对TN、TP去除率分别达89%和81%以上；环氧树脂黄土等改性材料可将TN、TP的去除率提升20%~98%；粉煤灰等工业固废既可实现成本降低（降幅达67%~88%），又可实现58%~90%的TP去除率。生物滞留设施对氮素的脱除以反硝化为主（贡献60%~90%），对磷的去除主要依赖化学沉淀与吸附的协同作用，硫-铁耦合系统（PSADB）通过电子转移与功能菌群协同作用实现N、P同步去除。我国生物滞留设施填料仍以砂石为主（TN去除率56.6%），而国外开始采用有机堆肥（TN去除率67%）、改性粉煤灰等填料，并与气候进行适配设计以提升污染物去除效能。当前填料面临长效性不足、低温效率下降（20%~30%）及二次污染等挑战，未来需研发智能缓释填料、构建多工艺耦合系统，并通过NRM-SWMM模型优化设计参数，推进固废资源化利用，支撑海绵城市可持续发展。

关键词: 海绵城市, 雨水径流, 填料, 脱氮除磷, 生物滞留设施

Abstract:

As a core facility for stormwater management in sponge cities, the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in biological retention facilities is constrained by the performance of filler materials. This review systematically summarized the types, action mechanisms, and the current state of research and application of fillers used in these systems. Conventional sand-gravel fillers generally exhibited lower removal rates for TN (20%-40%) and TP (40%-60%) than typical sponge city standards for stormwater runoff pollutant removal (TN≥50%, TP≥60%). This was primarily due to insufficient electron donors for denitrification and limited adsorption capacity. Novel fillers demonstrated significant enhancement in pollutant removal efficiency. Iron-based fillers such as pyrite achieved TN and TP removal rates exceeding 89% and 81%, respectively, by leveraging sulfur autotrophic denitrification and metal complexation. Modified materials like epoxy resin-modified loess could enhance TN and TP removal by 20%-98%. Industrial solid wastes such as fly ash could achieve a cost reduction of 67%-88% while attaining TP removal rates of 58%-90%. The removal of nitrogen in biological retention facilities was predominantly driven by denitrification (contributing 60%-90%), whereas phosphorus removal relied mainly on the synergism of chemical precipitation and adsorption. The sulfur-iron coupled system (PSADB) enabled simultaneous N and P removal through electron transfer and the enrichment of functional microbial communities. In China, sand and gravel remained the predominant fillers for biological retention facilities (with a TN removal rate of 56.6%), while other countries had begun to employ fillers such as organic compost (TN removal rate of 67%) and modified fly ash, incorporating climate-adaptive designed to enhance pollutant removal performance. Current challenges faced by fillers included insufficient long-term stability, reduced efficiency under low-temperature conditions (a decline of 20%-30%), and risks of secondary pollution. Future efforts should focus on developing intelligent slow-release fillers, constructing multi-process coupled systems, optimizing design parameters via NRM-SWMM models, and promoting the resource utilization of solid wastes to support the sustainable development of sponge cities.

Key words: sponge city, rainwater runoff, filler material, nitrogen and phosphorus removal, biological retention facilities

中图分类号: 

• X52

• X703