Radioactive pollution control and remediation management of groundwater in the United States

doi:10.11894/iwt.2020-0052

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on Safe Drinking Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act, the United States has formulated complete laws and regulations on radioactive pollution control and remediation of groundwater. Also it has published a series of guidance documents on groundwater pollution control. All of them provide guidance for the prevention and control of radioactive pollution of groundwater and sufficient legal basis and technical support. China needs to draw lessons from the experience of the United States, and formulate special laws, regulations and technical guidance documents for the prevention and control of radioactive pollution of groundwater.

Key words: groundwater, nuclear power plant, radioactive pollution, laws and regulations, the United States

摘要：

在《安全饮用水法》、《资源保护和恢复法》、《环境综合治理、赔偿和责任法》等地下水相关法律法规基础上，美国制定了完善的地下水放射性污染控制及修复相关法律规范，并发布了一系列地下水污染治理的指导性文件，为美国地下水放射性污染防治与工程治理提供了充分的法律依据和技术支持。我国需借鉴美国经验，制定专门的地下水放射性污染防治法律法规和技术指导性文件。

关键词: 地下水, 核电站, 放射性污染, 法律法规, 美国

CLC Number:

TL941

Yuhang Zhang,Yahua Gao,Mingliang Wu,Yongxian Wang,Lixiao Guo,Yu Liang. Radioactive pollution control and remediation management of groundwater in the United States[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2020, 40(12): 25-29.

张宇航,高亚华,武明亮,王永仙,郭丽潇,梁宇. 美国地下水放射性污染治理管理策略研究[J]. 工业水处理, 2020, 40(12): 25-29.

/ / Recommend / Download Citations

URL: https://www.iwt.cn/EN/10.11894/iwt.2020-0052

https://www.iwt.cn/EN/Y2020/V40/I12/25

Figures/Tables 3

References 27

1	武丽, 秦文华, 王建华, 等. 河南省地下水总α、总β放射性水平及质量评价[J]. 中国辐射卫生, 2004, 13 (2): 121- 122. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-714X.2004.02.020
2	许一明. 地下水中总α、总β放射性的测定及成果初步分析[J]. 水文, 2018, (3): 73- 75. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0852.2018.03.013
3	邹剑明, 崔凡, 刘彦兵, 等. 广东省饮用水源水总α和总β放射性水平调查与分析[J]. 中华放射医学与防护杂志, 2019, 39 (11): 841- 846. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-5098.2019.11.008
4	韩非, 顾平, 张光辉. 去除放射性废水中铯的研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2012, 32 (1): 10- 14. doi: 10.11894/1005-829x.2012.32.(1).10
5	贾麟, 刘阳, 张光辉, 等. 去除水体中放射性碘核素的研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2015, 35 (7): 10- 13. doi: 10.11894/1005-829x.2015.35(7).010
6	武莉娅, 顾平, 张光辉. 去除放射性废水中锶的研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2013, 33 (1): 6- 9. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-829X.2013.01.002
7	IAEA.Prevention and mitigation of groundwater cantamination from radioactive releases[R].International Atomic Energy Agency.1988.
8	IAEA.Technical options for the remediation of contaminated groundwater[R].International Atomic Energy Agency, 1999.
9	WHO.Guidelines for drinking-water quality[EB/OL].https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950
10	陈肖娟.城镇地下水污染防治法律制度研究[D].厦门:厦门大学, 2014.
11	EPA.RCRA orientation manual[R].US Environmental Protection Agency, 1990.
12	Heidt K R . Liability of shareholders under the comprehensive environmental response compensation and liability act (CERCLA)[J]. Ohio State Law Journal, 1991, 52, 133- 193.
13	CALABRESE E J.Safe drinking water act[R].CRC Press, 1989.
14	EPA.National primary drinking water regulations[R].US Environmental Protection Agency, 2009.
15	NEI.Industry groundwater protection initiative[R].Nuclear Energy Institute, 2007.
16	Environmental radiation protection standards for nuclear power operations (40 CFR 190)[R].Code of Federal Regulations, 1986: 40 CFR 190.
17	Environmental radiation protection standards for management and disposal of spent nuclear fuel, high-level and transuranic radioactive wastes (40 CFR 191)[R].Code of Federal Regulations, 2014.
18	Health and environmental protection standards for uranium and thorium mill tailings (40 CFR 192)[R].Code of Federal Regulations, 1994.
19	Environmental radiation protection standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada (40 CFR 197)[R].Code of Federal Regulations, 2002.
20	EPA.Radiation site cleanup: CERCLA requirements and guidance[R].US Environmental Protection Agency, 2007.
21	EPA.Groundwater road map recommended process for restoring contaminated groundwater at superfund sites[R].US Environmental Protection Agency, 2011.
22	EPA.General methods for remedial operations performance evaluations[R].US Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.
23	EPA.Distribution of the"radiation risk assessment at CERCLA sites: Q&A"[R].US Environmental Protection Agency, 2014.
24	EPA.Use of soil cleanup criteria in 40 cfr part 192 as remediation goals for CERCLA sites[R].US Environmental Protection Agency, 1998.
25	EPA.Remediation goals for radioactively contaminated CERCLA sites using the benchmark dose cleanup criteria in 10 CFR part 40 appendix A, I, Criterion 6(6)[R].US Environmental Protection Agency, 1998.
26	NRC.Uranium mill tailings radiation control act[M].Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1978.
27	EPA.Elements for effective management of operating pump and treat systems[R].US Environmental Protection Agency, 2002.

核素	MCL	MCLG
β核素当量剂量	4 mrem/a	0
α核素放射性浓度	15 pCi/L	0
Ra-226和Ra-228放射性浓度	5 pCi/L	0
铀质量浓度	30 μg/L	0

核素	MCL	MCLG
β核素当量剂量	4 mrem/a	0
α核素放射性浓度	15 pCi/L	0
Ra-226和Ra-228放射性浓度	5 pCi/L	0
铀质量浓度	30 μg/L	0

核素	pCi/L
H-3	20 000
Be-7	6 000
C-14	2 000
F-18	2 000
Na-22	400
Na-24	600
Si-31	3 000
P-32	30
S-35	500
Cl-36	700
Cl-38	1 000
K-42	900
Ca-45	10
Ca-47	80
Sc-46	100
Sc-47	300
Sc-48	80
V-48	90
Cr-51	6 000
Mn-52	90
Mn-54	300
Mn-56	300
Fe-55	2 000
Fe-59	200
Co-57	1 000
Co-58	300
Co-58m	9 000
Co-60	100
Ni-59	300
Ni-63	50
Ni-65	300
Cu-64	900
Zn-65	300
Zn-69	6 000
Zn-69m	200
Ga-72	100
Ge-71	6 000
As-73	1 000
As-74	100
As-76	60
As-77	200
Se-75	900
Br-82	100
Rb-86	600
Rb-87	300
Sr-85m	20 000
Sr-85	900
Sr-89	20
Sr-90	8
Sr-91	200
Sr-92	200
Y-90	60
Y-91	90
Y-91m	9 000
Y-92	200
Y-93	90
Zr-93	2 000
Zr-95	200
Zr-97	60
Nb-93m	1 000
Nb-95	300
Nb-97	3 000
Mo-99	600
Tc-96	300
Tc-96m	30 000
Tc-97	6 000
Tc-97m	1 000
Tc-99	900
Tc-99m	20 000
Ru-97	1 000
Ru-103	200
Ru-105	200
Ru-106	30
Rh-103m	30 000
Rh-105	300
Pd-103	900
Pd-109	300
Ag-105	300
Ag-110m	90
Ag-111	100
Cd-109	600
Cd-115	90
Cd-115m	90
In-113m	3 000
In-114m	60
In-115	300
In-115m	1 000
Sn-113	300
Sn-125	60
Sb-122	90
Sb-124	60
Sb-125	300
Te-125m	600
Te-127	900
Te-127m	200
Te-129	2 000
Te-129m	90
Te-131m	800
Te-132	90
I-126	3
I-129	1
I-131	3
I-132	90
I-133	10
I-134	100
I-135	30
Cs-131	20 000
Cs-134	80
Cs-134m	20 000
Cs-135	900
Cs-136	800
Cs-137	200
Ba-131	600
Ba-140	90
La-140	60
Ce-141	300
Ce-143	100
Ce-144	30
Pr-142	90
Pr-143	100
Nd-147	200
Nd-149	900
Pm-147	600
Pm-149	100
Sm-151	1 000
Sm-153	200
Eu-152	200
Eu-154	60
Eu-155	600
Gd-153	600
Gd-159	200
Tb-160	100
Dy-165	1 000
Dy-166	100
Ho-166	90
Er-169	300
Er-171	300
Tm-170	100
Tm-171	1 000
Yb-175	300
Lu-177	300
Hf-181	200
Ta-182	100
W-181	1000
W-185	300
W-187	200
Re-186	300
Re-187	9 000
Re-188	200
Os-185	200
Os-191	600
Os-191m	9 000
Os-193	200
Ir-190	600
Ir-192	100
Ir-194	90
Pt-191	300
Pt-193	3 000
Pt-193m	3 000
Pt-197	300
Pt-197m	3 000
Au-196	600
Au-198	100
Au-199	600
Hg-197	900
Hg-197m	600
Hg-203	60
Ti-200	1 000
Ti-201	900
Ti-202	300
Ti-204	300
Pb-203	1 000
Bi-206	100
Bi-208	200
Pa-230	600
Pa-233	300
Np-239	300
Pu-241	300
Ba-249	2 000

核素	pCi/L
H-3	20 000
Be-7	6 000
C-14	2 000
F-18	2 000
Na-22	400
Na-24	600
Si-31	3 000
P-32	30
S-35	500
Cl-36	700
Cl-38	1 000
K-42	900
Ca-45	10
Ca-47	80
Sc-46	100
Sc-47	300
Sc-48	80
V-48	90
Cr-51	6 000
Mn-52	90
Mn-54	300
Mn-56	300
Fe-55	2 000
Fe-59	200
Co-57	1 000
Co-58	300
Co-58m	9 000
Co-60	100
Ni-59	300
Ni-63	50
Ni-65	300
Cu-64	900
Zn-65	300
Zn-69	6 000
Zn-69m	200
Ga-72	100
Ge-71	6 000
As-73	1 000
As-74	100
As-76	60
As-77	200
Se-75	900
Br-82	100
Rb-86	600
Rb-87	300
Sr-85m	20 000
Sr-85	900
Sr-89	20
Sr-90	8
Sr-91	200
Sr-92	200
Y-90	60
Y-91	90
Y-91m	9 000
Y-92	200
Y-93	90
Zr-93	2 000
Zr-95	200
Zr-97	60
Nb-93m	1 000
Nb-95	300
Nb-97	3 000
Mo-99	600
Tc-96	300
Tc-96m	30 000
Tc-97	6 000
Tc-97m	1 000
Tc-99	900
Tc-99m	20 000
Ru-97	1 000
Ru-103	200
Ru-105	200
Ru-106	30
Rh-103m	30 000
Rh-105	300
Pd-103	900
Pd-109	300
Ag-105	300
Ag-110m	90
Ag-111	100
Cd-109	600
Cd-115	90
Cd-115m	90
In-113m	3 000
In-114m	60
In-115	300
In-115m	1 000
Sn-113	300
Sn-125	60
Sb-122	90
Sb-124	60
Sb-125	300
Te-125m	600
Te-127	900
Te-127m	200
Te-129	2 000
Te-129m	90
Te-131m	800
Te-132	90
I-126	3
I-129	1
I-131	3
I-132	90
I-133	10
I-134	100
I-135	30
Cs-131	20 000
Cs-134	80
Cs-134m	20 000
Cs-135	900
Cs-136	800
Cs-137	200
Ba-131	600
Ba-140	90
La-140	60
Ce-141	300
Ce-143	100
Ce-144	30
Pr-142	90
Pr-143	100
Nd-147	200
Nd-149	900
Pm-147	600
Pm-149	100
Sm-151	1 000
Sm-153	200
Eu-152	200
Eu-154	60
Eu-155	600
Gd-153	600
Gd-159	200
Tb-160	100
Dy-165	1 000
Dy-166	100
Ho-166	90
Er-169	300
Er-171	300
Tm-170	100
Tm-171	1 000
Yb-175	300
Lu-177	300
Hf-181	200
Ta-182	100
W-181	1000
W-185	300
W-187	200
Re-186	300
Re-187	9 000
Re-188	200
Os-185	200
Os-191	600
Os-191m	9 000
Os-193	200
Ir-190	600
Ir-192	100
Ir-194	90
Pt-191	300
Pt-193	3 000
Pt-193m	3 000
Pt-197	300
Pt-197m	3 000
Au-196	600
Au-198	100
Au-199	600
Hg-197	900
Hg-197m	600
Hg-203	60
Ti-200	1 000
Ti-201	900
Ti-202	300
Ti-204	300
Pb-203	1 000
Bi-206	100
Bi-208	200
Pa-230	600
Pa-233	300
Np-239	300
Pu-241	300
Ba-249	2 000

[1]	Dan ZHANG, Baohua TU, Xueming WANG, Hongyang YIN, Zhao SUN. Community characteristics of prokaryotic microorganisms in petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2025, 45(2): 166-174.
[2]	Shugang YANG, Qingji WANG, Kunfeng ZHANG, Hongkun CHEN, Shuangxing LIU, Mingyu CAI, Yilin WANG. Key challenges and countermeasures for treatment and disposal of gas field produced water in China [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2024, 44(8): 13-20.
[3]	Shouwei ZHANG, Qingjie JI, Lianghao LI, Zhouyan CHEN. Research on the treatment process of non-radioactive production wastewater in nuclear power plant [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2024, 44(4): 205-209.
[4]	Xingzhe YANG, Dafeng LIN, Junwei LI, Fangfei JING, Zihan ZUO, Li’na TANG, Zongzheng YANG. Research progress on remediation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater by zero-valent iron combined with microorganisms [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2024, 44(11): 42-51.
[5]	Zhiqiang ZHENG, Jianwei CHEN. Research progress on treatment technology of silicon-containing RCS water with high content boron [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2024, 44(10): 116-122.
[6]	Gang LU, Xinyi HUO, Handong XU, Shilei LU, Shuai JIANG, Shuangfei YU. Indoor experimental study on the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater by microbial PRB technology [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2024, 44(10): 158-164.
[7]	Longtan XU, Shaolin HE, Hongying YUAN, Dongli JI, Yang SONG, Bo LIU, Jiqing YU, Yingjun XU. Research progress on the effect of in-situ oil shale exploitation on groundwater quality [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2023, 43(6): 7-14.
[8]	Yang YANG, Jianguo TAO, Ruoxia MA, Lin MAO, Ling WU, Yiren ZHOU. Design and experimental study of mobile emergency treatment device for radioactive wastewater [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2023, 43(6): 81-85.
[9]	Liang LI, Jian XU. Research progress of combined materials applied in permeable reaction barrier technology [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2023, 43(2): 53-60.
[10]	Dun HOU, Qingsong XU, Zhiqiang ZHANG, Haitao LIU, Xuanping CHEN, Dan QU, Jialu LI, Huilei XIONG. Technology of high efficiency stripping for remediation of chlorohydrocarbon contaminated groundwater [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2022, 42(4): 158-163.
[11]	Hao Zhang,Cheng Li,Yue Gu,Qiong Fei,Shaopo Wang. Performance and mechanism of simultaneous removal of arsenic, manganese and fluorine from groundwater by electro-flocculation [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2021, 41(7): 121-125.
[12]	Shengyan Pu,Guoqing Hou,Xue Lü,Bowen Li. Review on application of calcium peroxide controlled-release technology in groundwater pollution remediation [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2020, 40(8): 1-6, 22.
[13]	Hanyang You,Yi Zhang,Wenying Li,Yanfei Ma,Xuedong Feng,Jie Lu,Menghong Li. Sorption kinetics and thermodynamics study of NO₃^- in groundwater by chlorinated quaternary amine special resin [J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2020, 40(4): 49-54.
[14]	Li Jincheng, Li juncheng, Dong Jingzhou, Chen Zexin, Xia Wenxiang. Research on the removal of nitrate nitrogen from groundwater by different types of three-dimensional biofilm electrode reactors [J]. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT, 2018, 38(9): 86-90.
[15]	Yu Jing, Zhou Yan, Yan Chun, Ma Hui, Wang Miaoting, Pu Shengyan. Experimental research on the removal of nitrate from groundwater by a strain of hydrogen autotrophic denitrification bacterium [J]. INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT, 2018, 38(10): 29-33.

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export