Research progress on microbial immobilization technology and its enhanced biological nitrogen removal

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2022-0159

Abstract

Abstract:

Many studies have been devoted to remove nitrogen from polluted water bodies by biological nitrogen removal techniques. Immobilization is a technique that uses a physical or chemical method to trap microorganisms in a specific area. The technique ensures rapid proliferation of microorganisms under suitable conditions， giving them the advantage against external adverse environmental factors， while improving the competitiveness of functional microorganisms with local microorganisms. The combination of biological nitrogen removal technology and microbial immobilization technology has great potential for application. The classification， principles， advantages and disadvantages， application and prospects of several traditional and new microbial immobilization methods were reviewed. On the basis， the mechanism of enhanced biological nitrogen removal by by gel embedding method in microbial immobilization technology were introduced， such as providing protection for microorganisms， accelerating the growth and enrichment rate of microorganisms， forming different concentrations of dissolved oxygen inside and outside the bulb， and providing additional functional microorganisms and nutrients. The gel embedding method was used as an example to illustrate the accelerated growth and enrichment of Anammox bacteria， and partial nitrification-anammox by using the difference in dissolved oxygen between the inside and outside of the bulb. Finally， the current problems of microbial immobilization technology to enhance biological nitrogen removal were summarized and the prospect was proposed. It is important to develop low-cost and stable immobilization materials.

Key words: immobilization, microorganism, biological nitrogen removal, gel embedding

摘要：

许多研究致力于用生物脱氮技术去除污染水体中的氮。微生物固定化是采用物理或化学的方法，将微生物截留在某一特定区域的技术。该技术既可保证功能微生物在适宜条件下快速增殖，使其具有较高的抵御外界不利环境因素的优势，同时可提高功能微生物与本土微生物的竞争力。生物脱氮技术与微生物固定化技术相结合具有很大的应用潜力。综述了几种传统微生物固定化方法和新型微生物固定化方法的分类、原理、优缺点、应用范围及前景。在此基础上，以凝胶包埋法为例，介绍了微生物固定化技术强化生物脱氮的机理，如为微生物提供相应保护，加快微生物生长富集速度，在凝胶球内外形成不同浓度的溶解氧，以及额外提供功能微生物和营养物质等。以凝胶包埋法加快厌氧氨氧化菌生长富集速度，利用凝胶球内外溶解氧浓度差实现短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化为实例进行阐述。最后对微生物固定化技术强化生物脱氮目前存在的问题进行总结并提出展望，开发成本低廉且稳定性强的固定化材料具有重要意义。

关键词: 固定化, 微生物, 生物脱氮, 凝胶包埋法

CLC Number:

X703.1

Hao MU, Kaiyao HU, Hongjuan ZHU, Yuzhuo PENG, Qian WANG, Yae WANG, Jie LI. Research progress on microbial immobilization technology and its enhanced biological nitrogen removal[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2023, 43(4): 28-35.

慕浩, 胡凯耀, 朱红娟, 彭钰卓, 王倩, 王亚娥, 李杰. 微生物固定化技术及其强化生物脱氮研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2023, 43(4): 28-35.

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URL: https://www.iwt.cn/EN/10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2022-0159

https://www.iwt.cn/EN/Y2023/V43/I4/28

Figures/Tables 5

References 56

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材料	固定化方法	菌株名称	目标污染物	去除率/%	文献
PVA-SA	凝胶法	硝化细菌混合体	高浓度氨态氮	46	〔19〕
PVA-SA	凝胶法	硝化细菌混合体	不同浓度氨态氮	48.3~100	〔20〕
SA-硅藻土	凝胶法	不动杆菌SL-14、BC-15、MI-11	氨态氮	95.86	〔21〕
菌丝球	吸附法	假单胞菌GF3	硝态氮	95.91	〔22〕
海绵-核桃壳炭-磁铁矿粉	吸附法	菌胶团L2	硝态氮、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯	83.97、67.87	〔23〕
SA-磁铁矿粉	凝胶法	贪铜菌CC1	硝态氮、二价镉	100、95.09	〔24〕
菌丝球-磁铁矿粉	吸附法	假单胞菌GF2	硝态氮	98.14	〔25〕
PVA-SA	凝胶法	亚硝化单胞菌GH22	氨态氮	90.3	〔26〕
生物炭	吸附法	门多萨假单胞菌GL6	硝态氮	95.8	〔27〕
聚乙烯悬浮球	吸附法	假单胞菌Y39-6	低温低碳氮比下硝态氮	24.83	〔28〕

材料	固定化方法	菌株名称	目标污染物	去除率/%	文献
PVA-SA	凝胶法	硝化细菌混合体	高浓度氨态氮	46	〔19〕
PVA-SA	凝胶法	硝化细菌混合体	不同浓度氨态氮	48.3~100	〔20〕
SA-硅藻土	凝胶法	不动杆菌SL-14、BC-15、MI-11	氨态氮	95.86	〔21〕
菌丝球	吸附法	假单胞菌GF3	硝态氮	95.91	〔22〕
海绵-核桃壳炭-磁铁矿粉	吸附法	菌胶团L2	硝态氮、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯	83.97、67.87	〔23〕
SA-磁铁矿粉	凝胶法	贪铜菌CC1	硝态氮、二价镉	100、95.09	〔24〕
菌丝球-磁铁矿粉	吸附法	假单胞菌GF2	硝态氮	98.14	〔25〕
PVA-SA	凝胶法	亚硝化单胞菌GH22	氨态氮	90.3	〔26〕
生物炭	吸附法	门多萨假单胞菌GL6	硝态氮	95.8	〔27〕
聚乙烯悬浮球	吸附法	假单胞菌Y39-6	低温低碳氮比下硝态氮	24.83	〔28〕

固定化方法	原理	优点	缺点	成本
化学法	微生物之间或微生物与载体间通过化学键相连	结合力强，微生物高度密集且不易从载体上脱附	化学试剂对微生物有毒害作用，导致微生物活性降低	高
吸附法	微生物与载体间通过范德华力、离子键等弱相互作用相连	操作简单，对微生物无毒害作用，载体可以再生	结合力较弱，微生物易从载体上脱附	低
包埋法	微生物被截留在水不溶性的凝胶聚合物中	操作简单，可固定化特定微生物，适用性广泛	传质阻力较大，长期运行后微生物易从凝胶聚合物中泄漏	中
层层自组装法	通过静电作用力将特定材料一层层交替沉积在微生物上	组装过程可控，条件温和，可将材料的特性赋予微生物	稳定性差，制作周期较长，在生物脱氮中应用较少	中
静电纺丝法	微生物与聚合物溶液的混合液在高压静电场下形成纳米纤维	操作简单，制成的纳米纤维比表面积大、孔隙率高	纳米纤维强度较低，产量低，在生物脱氮中应用较少	中

固定化方法	原理	优点	缺点	成本
化学法	微生物之间或微生物与载体间通过化学键相连	结合力强，微生物高度密集且不易从载体上脱附	化学试剂对微生物有毒害作用，导致微生物活性降低	高
吸附法	微生物与载体间通过范德华力、离子键等弱相互作用相连	操作简单，对微生物无毒害作用，载体可以再生	结合力较弱，微生物易从载体上脱附	低
包埋法	微生物被截留在水不溶性的凝胶聚合物中	操作简单，可固定化特定微生物，适用性广泛	传质阻力较大，长期运行后微生物易从凝胶聚合物中泄漏	中
层层自组装法	通过静电作用力将特定材料一层层交替沉积在微生物上	组装过程可控，条件温和，可将材料的特性赋予微生物	稳定性差，制作周期较长，在生物脱氮中应用较少	中
静电纺丝法	微生物与聚合物溶液的混合液在高压静电场下形成纳米纤维	操作简单，制成的纳米纤维比表面积大、孔隙率高	纳米纤维强度较低，产量低，在生物脱氮中应用较少	中

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