人工湿地生态除污的机制、影响因素和强化方法

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2021-0373

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水体富营养化已成为严重的全球性水环境问题，威胁着水质安全，亟需经济高效的水质生态修复技术。人工湿地具有低成本、生态化的去污禀赋，可通过植物-基质-微生物之间形成的物理-化学-生物复合修复机制协同去除水体中的营养物质和有机污染物。归纳了人工湿地对水体中氮、磷及有机污染物的生态修复机制，主要包括植物光合泌氧和吸收能力、基质表面附着和吸附性能以及微生物生化除污作用；同时总结了影响人工湿地除污性能的主要因素，即低温、湿地氧环境和湿地水力性能；据此提出可通过强化湿地低温去污效率、调控湿地氧补充方式和水平以及改进湿地水力性能等措施增强人工湿地去污效率。最后，针对人工湿地设计、使用及研究中存在的一些问题，提出建议及展望，为人工湿地的推广和应用提供科学依据。

关键词: 人工湿地, 生态除污机制, 环境温度, 湿地氧环境, 湿地水力性能

Abstract:

Eutrophication has caused serious problems on water environment in global world，which threatens the safety of water quality. It is necessary to develop cost-effective and ecological restoration technology for water quality improvement. Constructed wetland（CW） has the low-cost and ecological advantages on pollution removal，which can remove nutrients and organic pollutants in water body by physical-chemical-biological purification mechanisms among plant-substrate-microorganism of CW. The remediation mechanism of CW on nitrogen，phosphorus and organic matter was discussed，which mainly contained plant photosynthesis and absorption，substrate adhesion and adsorption，and biochemical decontamination of microorganisms. The main influencing factors on pollutant removal performance of CW including low temperature condition，oxygen environment and hydraulic performance of CW， were summarized simultaneously. Based on this，it was proposed that the decontamination efficiency of CW could be enhanced through measures such as enhancing CW performance under low temperature condition，regulating oxygen complement manners and level of CW，and improving CW hydraulic performance. At last，the suggestions and prospects on the design，application and research of CW were proposed，which aimed to provide scientific basis for the spread and application of CWs.

Key words: constructed wetland, ecological purification mechanism, ambient temperature, oxygen environment of wetland, hydraulic performance of wetland

中图分类号:

X703.1

丁怡, 孙园, 丁冉, 刘兴坡, 宋新山. 人工湿地生态除污的机制、影响因素和强化方法[J]. 工业水处理, 2022, 42(6): 100-108.

Yi DING, Yuan SUN, Ran DING, Xingpo LIU, Xinshan SONG. Mechanism，influencing factor and enhanced measure of ecological purification in constructed wetland[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2022, 42(6): 100-108.

https://www.iwt.cn/CN/Y2022/V42/I6/100

图/表 2

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增氧类型	常见技术	增氧效果〔DO/（mg·L^-1）〕	去除率/%			主要特点	参考文献
增氧类型	常见技术	增氧效果〔DO/（mg·L^-1）〕	COD	TN	NH₄ ⁺-N	主要特点	参考文献
自然增氧	跌水增氧	0.80 → 1.20 ΔDO=0.40	74.5	57.2	59.0	重力充氧，但增氧效果有限	〔47〕
	出水回流增氧	1.50 → 2.19 ΔDO=0.69	65.0	65.0	—	循环往复式运行复氧	〔48〕
	潮汐流运行增氧	0.98 → 4.09 ΔDO=3.11	85.9	96.4	72.8	传氧速率较高，耗能低	〔49〕
人工增氧	机械曝气增氧	2.7 → 4.2 ΔDO=1.5	82.3	75.2	88.8	成本高，曝气易过量	〔50〕
	微曝气增氧	0.46 → 3.00 ΔDO=2.54	91.0	75.3	91.3	成本较低，可实现局部增氧	〔51〕
	间歇曝气增氧	0.39 → 5.62 ΔDO=5.23	95.6	85.8	96.1	调控充氧量，实现氧环境交替	〔52〕
生物增氧	植物泌氧	0.78 → 3.60 ΔDO=2.82	—	96.1	98.2	易受光照和温度影响	〔53〕
	蚯蚓增氧	2.10 → 2.70 ΔDO=0.60	74.0	68.7	—	疏通基质通氧，缓解湿地堵塞	〔54〕
	藻类增氧	1.96 → 5.21 ΔDO=3.25	82.3	86.4	88.3	藻类光合泌氧效果佳，但出水藻类易成二次污染	〔55〕

增氧类型	常见技术	增氧效果〔DO/（mg·L^-1）〕	去除率/%			主要特点	参考文献
增氧类型	常见技术	增氧效果〔DO/（mg·L^-1）〕	COD	TN	NH₄ ⁺-N	主要特点	参考文献
自然增氧	跌水增氧	0.80 → 1.20 ΔDO=0.40	74.5	57.2	59.0	重力充氧，但增氧效果有限	〔47〕
	出水回流增氧	1.50 → 2.19 ΔDO=0.69	65.0	65.0	—	循环往复式运行复氧	〔48〕
	潮汐流运行增氧	0.98 → 4.09 ΔDO=3.11	85.9	96.4	72.8	传氧速率较高，耗能低	〔49〕
人工增氧	机械曝气增氧	2.7 → 4.2 ΔDO=1.5	82.3	75.2	88.8	成本高，曝气易过量	〔50〕
	微曝气增氧	0.46 → 3.00 ΔDO=2.54	91.0	75.3	91.3	成本较低，可实现局部增氧	〔51〕
	间歇曝气增氧	0.39 → 5.62 ΔDO=5.23	95.6	85.8	96.1	调控充氧量，实现氧环境交替	〔52〕
生物增氧	植物泌氧	0.78 → 3.60 ΔDO=2.82	—	96.1	98.2	易受光照和温度影响	〔53〕
	蚯蚓增氧	2.10 → 2.70 ΔDO=0.60	74.0	68.7	—	疏通基质通氧，缓解湿地堵塞	〔54〕
	藻类增氧	1.96 → 5.21 ΔDO=3.25	82.3	86.4	88.3	藻类光合泌氧效果佳，但出水藻类易成二次污染	〔55〕

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