活性污泥快速吸附污染物的研究进展

doi:10.11894/iwt.2020-0188

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

活性污泥因具有快速吸附特性，可作为一种廉价的高效吸附剂，用于吸附污水中的污染物，在相关研究和应用中受到广泛关注。通过对现有文献的归纳，总结了目前国内外在该领域的研究成果和进展，详细阐述了活性污泥对不同污染物（有机物、重金属、氨氮等）的吸附效果及机理，归纳了影响活性污泥吸附特性的各种因素，对活性污泥吸附-再生和实际应用情况进行总结，并提出今后的研究和发展方向。

关键词: 活性污泥, 污染物, 吸附

Abstract:

Activated sludge is commonly used as a cheap and efficient adsorbent to adsorb the pollutants of sewage because of its rapid adsorption performance, and has been widely concerned in research and application. The present research achievements and progresses in domestic and oversea were summarized, and the adsorption performance and mechanisms of activated sludge for various pollutants, such as the organics, heavy metals, ammonia nitrogen, etc. were elaborated in details. Also, various factors affecting the adsorption characteristics of activated sludge and the adsorption-regeneration and practical application of activated sludge were summarized. Finally, the research and application directions in the future were proposed.

Key words: activated sludge, pollutant, adsorption

中图分类号:

X703
TQ424

刘玉,肖本益,田双超,唐心漪,刘凌啸,王莹,郑天龙. 活性污泥快速吸附污染物的研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2020, 40(12): 1-7.

Yu Liu,Benyi Xiao,Shuangchao Tian,Xinyi Tang,Lingxiao Liu,Ying Wang,Tianlong Zheng. Research progress on activated sludge rapid adsorption pollutants[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2020, 40(12): 1-7.

https://www.iwt.cn/CN/Y2020/V40/I12/1

图/表 4

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污泥	污染物	pH	污染物质量浓度	吸附时间/min	等温线方程	动力学方程	吸附容量/（mg·g^-1）	参考文献
好氧颗粒污泥	孔雀绿	5	150 mg/L	40	Langmuir	伪二级	59.17	〔27〕
干活性污泥	活性黑五	2	100 mg/L	30	Langmuir	伪二级	74	〔11〕
活性污泥	纶红		200 mg/l	120	Langmuir	伪二级	123.20	〔28〕
活性污泥	十四烷基二甲基苄基氯化胺	—	50 mg/L	120	Langmuir+Freundlich	伪二级	199.89	〔13〕
活性污泥	五氯苯酚	7	500 μg/l		Freundlich	—	5.12	〔14〕
活性污泥	有机物		—	30	Langmuir	伪二级	101.01	〔15〕
失活污泥	有机物		—	30	Langmuir	伪二级	35.46
活性污泥	磺胺类药物		500 μg/l	120			0.36	〔29〕
失活污泥	EE2	2~12	5.00 mg/L	300	—	伪二级	1.50~2.10	〔30〕
	Cu²⁺	5	—	60	Langmuir		15	〔31〕
活性污泥	Zn²⁺	5	—	60	Freundlich		17
	Cd²⁺	5		60	Langmuir+ Freundlich		8
	Cu²⁺	6		60	Freundlich		0.79	〔32〕
活性污泥	Zn²⁺	6		60	Langmuir		0.50
	Cd²⁺	6		60	Freundlich		0.71
粉状好氧活性污泥	U²⁺	3~8	10 mg/L	120	Langumir	伪二级	30.30	〔21〕
超声后活性污泥	Cu²⁺	6.0±0.2	20~150 mg/L	120	Langmuir		59.20	〔33〕
	Cu²⁺	—	—	300	Langmuir	—	44	〔22〕
	Cd²⁺	—	—	300	Langmuir	—	24
活性污泥	Zn²⁺	—	—	300	Langmuir	—	18
	Ni²⁺	—	—	300	Langmuir	—	30
	Cr²⁺	—	—	300	Langmuir	—	23
好氧颗粒污泥	氨氮	—	30 mg/L	30	Langmuir	—	0.90	〔26〕
活性污泥	氨氮	—	30 mg/L	30	—	—	0.16~0.18
氨氧化颗粒	氨氮		30 mg/L	30	—	—	0.20
活性污泥	氨氮		15 mg/L	—	—	—	0.40~0.50	〔24〕
厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥	氨氮		90 mg/L	20	Freundlich	伪二级	2.03	〔34〕
好氧颗粒污泥	氨氮	7	200 mg/L	60	Langmuir	伪二级	4.95	〔25〕
活性污泥	磷酸根		30 mg/g	120			1.04	〔16〕
活性污泥	基因工程菌		1.4×10⁹ mL^-1	1 440			10⁸~10⁹ mL^-1	〔35〕
活性污泥	噬菌体	5	10⁶ mL^-1	1 440			4.8×10⁵ PFU/g	〔36〕

污泥	污染物	pH	污染物质量浓度	吸附时间/min	等温线方程	动力学方程	吸附容量/（mg·g^-1）	参考文献
好氧颗粒污泥	孔雀绿	5	150 mg/L	40	Langmuir	伪二级	59.17	〔27〕
干活性污泥	活性黑五	2	100 mg/L	30	Langmuir	伪二级	74	〔11〕
活性污泥	纶红		200 mg/l	120	Langmuir	伪二级	123.20	〔28〕
活性污泥	十四烷基二甲基苄基氯化胺	—	50 mg/L	120	Langmuir+Freundlich	伪二级	199.89	〔13〕
活性污泥	五氯苯酚	7	500 μg/l		Freundlich	—	5.12	〔14〕
活性污泥	有机物		—	30	Langmuir	伪二级	101.01	〔15〕
失活污泥	有机物		—	30	Langmuir	伪二级	35.46
活性污泥	磺胺类药物		500 μg/l	120			0.36	〔29〕
失活污泥	EE2	2~12	5.00 mg/L	300	—	伪二级	1.50~2.10	〔30〕
	Cu²⁺	5	—	60	Langmuir		15	〔31〕
活性污泥	Zn²⁺	5	—	60	Freundlich		17
	Cd²⁺	5		60	Langmuir+ Freundlich		8
	Cu²⁺	6		60	Freundlich		0.79	〔32〕
活性污泥	Zn²⁺	6		60	Langmuir		0.50
	Cd²⁺	6		60	Freundlich		0.71
粉状好氧活性污泥	U²⁺	3~8	10 mg/L	120	Langumir	伪二级	30.30	〔21〕
超声后活性污泥	Cu²⁺	6.0±0.2	20~150 mg/L	120	Langmuir		59.20	〔33〕
	Cu²⁺	—	—	300	Langmuir	—	44	〔22〕
	Cd²⁺	—	—	300	Langmuir	—	24
活性污泥	Zn²⁺	—	—	300	Langmuir	—	18
	Ni²⁺	—	—	300	Langmuir	—	30
	Cr²⁺	—	—	300	Langmuir	—	23
好氧颗粒污泥	氨氮	—	30 mg/L	30	Langmuir	—	0.90	〔26〕
活性污泥	氨氮	—	30 mg/L	30	—	—	0.16~0.18
氨氧化颗粒	氨氮		30 mg/L	30	—	—	0.20
活性污泥	氨氮		15 mg/L	—	—	—	0.40~0.50	〔24〕
厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥	氨氮		90 mg/L	20	Freundlich	伪二级	2.03	〔34〕
好氧颗粒污泥	氨氮	7	200 mg/L	60	Langmuir	伪二级	4.95	〔25〕
活性污泥	磷酸根		30 mg/g	120			1.04	〔16〕
活性污泥	基因工程菌		1.4×10⁹ mL^-1	1 440			10⁸~10⁹ mL^-1	〔35〕
活性污泥	噬菌体	5	10⁶ mL^-1	1 440			4.8×10⁵ PFU/g	〔36〕

吸附剂	吸附质	主要吸附机理	参考文献
活性污泥	Pb²⁺	静电吸附、表面络合、离子交换	〔38〕
粉状好氧活性污泥	U³⁺	离子交换	〔21〕
好氧颗粒污泥	Cu²⁺	离子交换、静电吸附	〔39〕
干活性污泥	活性黑	官能团反应	〔11〕
活性污泥	17α-乙炔雌二醇	形成氢键	〔30〕
活性污泥	十四烷基二甲基苄基氯化胺	静电吸附（低浓度）、疏水作用（浓度平衡）	〔13〕
好氧颗粒污泥	氨氮	离子交换	〔25-26〕
厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥	氨氮	离子交换	〔34〕

吸附剂	吸附质	主要吸附机理	参考文献
活性污泥	Pb²⁺	静电吸附、表面络合、离子交换	〔38〕
粉状好氧活性污泥	U³⁺	离子交换	〔21〕
好氧颗粒污泥	Cu²⁺	离子交换、静电吸附	〔39〕
干活性污泥	活性黑	官能团反应	〔11〕
活性污泥	17α-乙炔雌二醇	形成氢键	〔30〕
活性污泥	十四烷基二甲基苄基氯化胺	静电吸附（低浓度）、疏水作用（浓度平衡）	〔13〕
好氧颗粒污泥	氨氮	离子交换	〔25-26〕
厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥	氨氮	离子交换	〔34〕

工艺	废水性质	运行条件	处理效果	工艺特点	优点	参考文献
生物絮凝吸附强化一级处理工艺	进水为城市污水处理厂沉砂池出水，COD、氨氮、TP分别为194、47.70、10.79 mg/L	DO为0.20 mg/L	氨氮、TP去除率分别为81.3%、28%~43%	由絮凝反应区、斜板沉淀区、生物变速过滤区等组成	适应能力强，对有机物的去除率较高，能脱氮除磷，基建投资省、运行能耗低	〔49〕
高负荷生物吸附再生法	B/C在0.5左右，COD为443 mg/L，SS为340 mg/L	高负荷、低泥龄	SS、COD、SCOD、BOD5、氨氮、磷的去除率分别为80%、70%、59%、58%、47%、25%	先进行生物吸附，混合液进入沉淀池，经泥水分离，污泥回流至再生池进行曝气	负荷高、泥龄短	〔50〕
水解酸化—生物吸附—接触氧化工艺	屠宰废水COD 1 500~4 000 mg/L，悬浮物含量高，可生化性好		COD去除率达95%以上	好氧生物处理阶段由吸附再生活性污泥法和接触氧化法组合而成	处理效果稳定，运行和投资费用低	〔51〕
接触—吸附—再生—稳定工艺	COD 250 mg/L	吸附池HRT为10 min，循环率为40%，固体停留时间为6 d	COD吸附率为70%~80%	污染物进入吸附池，污泥吸附污染物后流入二级澄清池进行固液分离，浓缩污泥进入再生稳定池	占地面积小、投资低，活性污泥的吸附性能可充分利用，确保出水质量	〔52〕
吸附—共代谢再生活性污泥法	含五氯苯酚的污水，进水PCP为2 mg/L，COD为187~443 mg/L	曝气吸附池、污泥再生池、厌氧消化池的水力停留时间分别是20 min、24 h、10 d	出水PCP＜0.20mg/L，去除率在90%以上	污水和污泥进入吸附曝气池，再经二次沉淀池分离，大部分污泥进入曝气池，剩余污泥进入厌氧消化池	耐冲击负荷能力较强，可缩小曝气池容积，节省基建投资	〔53〕

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