太阳能界面蒸发零液体排放脱盐技术研究进展

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2024-0914

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

太阳能界面蒸发（SIE）技术作为一种可持续的海水淡化技术，能够高效生产淡水，且不依赖电力和复杂的基础设施。随着技术的不断发展，蒸发器设计不断创新，在维持高效蒸发速率的同时显著提升了耐盐性能，甚至可以实现盐分和淡水的完全分离，极大提升了海水资源的回收利用效率。基于此，探讨了SIE技术在高盐废水处理过程中实现零液体排放的关键策略，主要包括及时分离盐晶体和功能区分离设计两个方面。在此基础上，进一步介绍了各类耐盐型蒸发器的设计理念和盐水分离机理。最后，讨论了SIE技术面临的挑战和未来的发展机遇，以期为实现海水淡化零液体排放提供参考。

关键词: 太阳能界面蒸发, 零液体排放, 海水淡化, 耐盐, 零碳足迹

Abstract:

Solar interface evaporation(SIE) technology, as a sustainable seawater desalination technology, can efficiently produce fresh water without relying on electricity and complex infrastructure. With the continuous development of technology, the design of evaporator has been constantly innovated to significantly improve salt resistance while maintain efficient evaporation rates. It can even achieve complete separation of salt and fresh water, greatly enhancing the efficiency of seawater resource recovery and utilization. Based on this, the key strategies of SIE technology in achieving zero liquid discharge for the treatment of high salt wastewater were discussed, mainly including removal of salt crystals timely and functional area design. Furthermore, the design principles of various salt resistance evaporators and the mechanisms of brine separation were presented. Finally, the challenges and future development opportunities in SIE technology were introduced to provide insights to support the realization of zero liquid discharge in seawater desalination.

Key words: solar interface evaporation, zero liquid discharge, sea water desalination, salt resistance, zero carbon footprint

中图分类号:

TK519

许兵, 王一茗, 周晶, 张旭, 朱学武, 陈飞勇, 朱兆亮. 太阳能界面蒸发零液体排放脱盐技术研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2025, 45(10): 29-36.

Bing XU, Yiming WANG, Jing ZHOU, Xu ZHANG, Xuewu ZHU, Feiyong CHEN, Zhaoliang ZHU. Research progress on zero liquid discharge desalination technology for solar interfacial evaporation[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2025, 45(10): 29-36.

https://www.iwt.cn/CN/Y2025/V45/I10/29

图/表 8

图1 SIE系统在高盐废水处理中实现零液体排放的基本策略

Fig.1 Basic strategies for achieving zero liquid discharge in high salt wastewater treatment using SIE system

图2 受鱼群启发开发的具有自清洁特性的太阳能蒸发器工作原理

Fig.2 The working principle of a solar evaporator with self-cleaning properties inspired by fish schools

图3 用于太阳能脱盐的A-MoS₂/棉花蒸发保护伞及伞内盐分运输示意

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of the A-MoS₂/cotton evaporation protection umbrella used for solar desalination，along with the salt transport inside the umbrella

图4 仿生太阳能蒸发器的盐分泌及迁移示意

Fig.4 Salt secretion and migration diagram of biomimetic solar evaporator

图5 非对称超亲水性/双疏水性Janus光热膜及对含油卤水的分离机制

Fig.5 The asymmetric superhydrophilic/dual-superhydrophobic Janus photothermal membrane and its separation mechanism for oily brines

图6 实验室规模的非接触太阳能蒸发器结构（CSES）

Fig.6 Laboratory-scale contactless solar evaporator structure（CSES）

图7 光伏-膜蒸馏（PV-MD）集成装置示意

Fig.7 Schematic illustration of the integrated photovoltaics-membrane distillation（PV-MD） devices

表1 不同光热材料水蒸发速率和能量转换效率的对比

Table 1 Comparison of water evaporation rate and energy conversion efficiency of different photothermal materials

分类	光热材料	光照强度/ （kW·m^-2）	蒸发速率/（kg·m^-2·h^-1）	能量转换效率/%	水收集速率/（kg·m^-2·h^-1）	参考文献
自旋式蒸发器	聚苯乙烯核/氧化石墨烯壳	1	1.26	90.4		〔25〕
	发泡聚乙烯/负载CNTs的聚乙烯醇海绵	1	1.41	88.5		〔26〕
	聚苯乙烯球表面负载纳米纤维素及聚多巴胺/聚吡咯光热涂层	1	2.6			〔27〕
定向盐结晶	二硫化钼/棉花	1	1.38	84.5		〔30〕
	T形组装碳化木材	1	2.43	83.6	0.9	〔31〕
	CNTs/棉纤维	1	1.42	81.2	0.65	〔32〕
盐晶体迁移	聚吡咯光热涂层	1	1.47	90.2		〔33〕
调节润湿性分离	Ti₂O₃/聚乙烯醇水凝胶	1	约4.0	93		〔34〕
	碳化木材	1	1.2	82		〔35〕
	蜡烛烟灰颗粒	1	>1.45			〔36〕
空气分离	石墨粉末	1	1.26	92		〔41〕
空气分离	Almeco太阳能吸收剂/Zynolyte涂层	5	1.61			〔42〕
高导热材料分离	太阳能光伏板	1	>1.64			〔44〕
高导热材料分离	Alanod Solar太阳能吸收膜	1	2.42			〔45〕

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