Research progress on extracellular polymeric substances in aerobic granular sludge and their applications

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2022-0970

Abstract

Abstract:

Extracellular polymeric substances are important components of aerobic granular sludge, which are closely related to the granulation of aerobic granular sludge and the maintenance of particle stability. However, the composition of extracellular polymeric substances is very complex, and its exact role in biological treatment needs to be thoroughly investigated. This paper reviewed the research about extracellular polymeric substances in aerobic granular sludge in recent years. The conventional methods for extracting and characterizing the extracellular polymeric substances were introduced. The composition and structure of extracellular polymeric substances were summarized, and the role of extracellular polymeric substances in aerobic granular sludge was analyzed. Meanwhile, the methods of controlling extracellular polymeric substances in aerobic granular sludge were discussed. In addition, high value-added products recovery from extracellular polymeric substances in aerobic granular sludge were conducive to realizing resource utilization in wastewater treatment. The potential for the recovery and utilization of extracellular polymeric substances was reviewed. Finally, the future research directions of extracellular polymeric substances were prospected. This paper was expected to provide theoretical support for the industrial application of extracellular polymeric substances.

Key words: extracellular polymeric substances, aerobic granular sludge, granulation, resource recovery, biomass

摘要：

胞外聚合物是好氧颗粒污泥的重要组分，与好氧颗粒污泥的造粒过程和维持颗粒稳定性密不可分。然而胞外聚合物的组成非常复杂，其在生物处理过程中的确切作用有待深入研究。回顾了近年来国内外关于好氧颗粒污泥中胞外聚合物方面的研究进展；列举了常用的胞外聚合物的提取和表征方法，总结了不同方法的优缺点；介绍了胞外聚合物的组成结构及其在好氧污泥颗粒的形成及维持污泥颗粒稳定中的作用；并讨论了好氧颗粒污泥中胞外聚合物的调控方法；此外，对好氧颗粒污泥中胞外聚合物进行高附加值产品回收有利于实现废水处理的资源化利用，简述了胞外聚合物回收及在各个领域中的利用；最后对胞外聚合物的研究方向做了展望，以期为胞外聚合物的实际工业应用提供理论支持。

关键词: 胞外聚合物, 好氧颗粒污泥, 造粒, 资源回收, 生物质

CLC Number:

X703
X705

Ping XU, Xiaojian ZHAN, Fengxiang LI. Research progress on extracellular polymeric substances in aerobic granular sludge and their applications[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2023, 43(12): 36-45.

徐萍, 占晓建, 李凤祥. 好氧颗粒污泥中的胞外聚合物及其应用的研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2023, 43(12): 36-45.

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URL: https://www.iwt.cn/EN/10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2022-0970

https://www.iwt.cn/EN/Y2023/V43/I12/36

Figures/Tables 5

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85	LADNORG S， JUNIOR N L， DALL’AGNOL P，et al. Alginate-like exopolysaccharide extracted from aerobic granular sludge as biosorbent for methylene blue：Thermodynamic，kinetic and isotherm studies［J］. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering，2019，7（3）：103081. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2019.103081
86	北极星水处理网. 探秘国内首座好氧颗粒污泥（AGS）技术工业化污水处理厂［EB/OL］. （2022-04-24）［2022-09-07］.

提取方法	提取过程	优缺点	来源
离心法	在样品中加入一定量的去离子水，离心并收集上清液	操作方便；只对可溶性EPS起作用	〔26〕
超声处理法	进行脉冲超声处理2~3 min，然后离心并收集上清液	产率低，且提取的EPS中细胞内物质含量较高	〔27〕
EDTA法	将EDTA与样品充分混合并在4 °C下静置3 h	提取率高，不会氧化或破坏高分子物质的链；但是EDTA能够破坏细胞结构，提取的EPS纯度低	〔28〕
碱法	按污泥体积的0.4%加入甲醛，4 °C下保温1 h，然后按V _NaOH∶V _甲醛=1 000∶1加入1 mol/L的NaOH，在4 °C下保温3 h	碱处理会导致EPS的凝胶结构失稳，同时破坏蛋白质的结构	〔29〕
加热法	60 °C水浴中保温1 h	提取率高；但原始AGS的凝胶结构易被破坏，呈现出溶胶结构	〔30〕
阳离子交换树脂法（CER）	以m _{离子交换树脂}/m _{挥发性悬浮物}=80将离子交换树脂加入样品中，并将混合物以600 r/min搅拌1 h，然后8 000 r/min离心15 min，用0.22 μm膜过滤	能够保留与原始AGS相似的凝胶结构	〔25〕

提取方法	提取过程	优缺点	来源
离心法	在样品中加入一定量的去离子水，离心并收集上清液	操作方便；只对可溶性EPS起作用	〔26〕
超声处理法	进行脉冲超声处理2~3 min，然后离心并收集上清液	产率低，且提取的EPS中细胞内物质含量较高	〔27〕
EDTA法	将EDTA与样品充分混合并在4 °C下静置3 h	提取率高，不会氧化或破坏高分子物质的链；但是EDTA能够破坏细胞结构，提取的EPS纯度低	〔28〕
碱法	按污泥体积的0.4%加入甲醛，4 °C下保温1 h，然后按V _NaOH∶V _甲醛=1 000∶1加入1 mol/L的NaOH，在4 °C下保温3 h	碱处理会导致EPS的凝胶结构失稳，同时破坏蛋白质的结构	〔29〕
加热法	60 °C水浴中保温1 h	提取率高；但原始AGS的凝胶结构易被破坏，呈现出溶胶结构	〔30〕
阳离子交换树脂法（CER）	以m _{离子交换树脂}/m _{挥发性悬浮物}=80将离子交换树脂加入样品中，并将混合物以600 r/min搅拌1 h，然后8 000 r/min离心15 min，用0.22 μm膜过滤	能够保留与原始AGS相似的凝胶结构	〔25〕

表征方法	表征对象	表征特点	来源
比色分析法	EPS的组成	指示EPS中的成分，如蛋白质、糖类、糖醛酸和腐殖质，但不能对各成分进行准确的定量分析	〔33〕
傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）	EPS的主要官能团	通过化学基团分析EPS的复杂成分	〔34〕
圆二色性（CD）光谱	EPS中蛋白质的二级结构	能够对蛋白质的二级结构进行定性和定量分析，是研究稀溶液中蛋白质结构的一种快速、简单、相对准确的方法	〔35〕
三维激发-发射基质（3D-EEM）荧光光谱	内源性荧光物质	表征蛋白质的折叠状态，通常提取色氨酸以代表蛋白质的性质	〔36〕
鸟枪法蛋白质组学	蛋白质种类及成分	适合于测定蛋白浓度低、干扰物多的EPS	〔37〕
尺寸排阻色谱（SEC）	EPS中的分子质量分布	能够分析EPS的各种成分，如多糖、蛋白质等	〔31〕
十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）	EPS中蛋白质的分子质量	用于研究絮状污泥和颗粒污泥之间EPS中的蛋白质分子质量的区别，鉴定污泥的主要成分	〔38〕

表征方法	表征对象	表征特点	来源
比色分析法	EPS的组成	指示EPS中的成分，如蛋白质、糖类、糖醛酸和腐殖质，但不能对各成分进行准确的定量分析	〔33〕
傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）	EPS的主要官能团	通过化学基团分析EPS的复杂成分	〔34〕
圆二色性（CD）光谱	EPS中蛋白质的二级结构	能够对蛋白质的二级结构进行定性和定量分析，是研究稀溶液中蛋白质结构的一种快速、简单、相对准确的方法	〔35〕
三维激发-发射基质（3D-EEM）荧光光谱	内源性荧光物质	表征蛋白质的折叠状态，通常提取色氨酸以代表蛋白质的性质	〔36〕
鸟枪法蛋白质组学	蛋白质种类及成分	适合于测定蛋白浓度低、干扰物多的EPS	〔37〕
尺寸排阻色谱（SEC）	EPS中的分子质量分布	能够分析EPS的各种成分，如多糖、蛋白质等	〔31〕
十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）	EPS中蛋白质的分子质量	用于研究絮状污泥和颗粒污泥之间EPS中的蛋白质分子质量的区别，鉴定污泥的主要成分	〔38〕

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