膜蒸馏在高氨氮废水处理与回用中的研究应用进展

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2020-0964

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高氨氮废水主要包括畜禽养殖废水、尿液、垃圾渗滤液、焦化废水、化工废水等，来源广、排放量大，其有效处理与高效回用成为水处理领域亟需解决的问题之一。膜蒸馏（MD）具有显著的耐污染能力和高效的处理性能，受到广泛关注。对MD在典型高氨氮废水处理与回用中的应用现状进行概述，综合分析其处理高氨氮废水时存在的问题，并总结归纳了主要解决策略与进展。研究表明，MD可实现高氨氮废水中的水回用和氨回收，是处理与回用高氨氮废水的一项关键技术。膜污染和润湿仍是MD面临的主要问题，同时，氮与水的分离效率低也是限制MD工业应用的重要因素。未来MD在高氨氮废水处理回用中的工业化应用的关键，是新型膜材料与组件的开发、膜污染机制与控制研究、新型组合工艺开发等。

关键词: 膜蒸馏, 高氨氮废水, 水回用, 氨回收, 膜污染

Abstract:

High-concentration ammonia nitrogen wastewater mainly includes livestock breeding wastewater, urine, landfill leachate, coking wastewater, chemical wastewater, etc. With wide sources and large discharge, its effective treatment and efficient reuse have become one of the urgent problems in the field of water treatment. Membrane distillation(MD) has attracted wide attention due to its remarkable ability of fouling resistance and efficient performance. The investigation and application status of MD in high-concentration ammonia nitrogen wastewater treatment and reuse were reviewed. Meanwhile, the research progress of the limitations and solutions of MD in treating ammonia nitrogen wastewater were also analyzed. It was found that MD was effective for water reuse and nitrogen recovery in highconcentration ammonia nitrogen wastewater, which had been proved as an effective treatment technology. However, membrane fouling and wetting and the low separation efficiency of nitrogen and water were key limiting factor for its industrial application. New-type membranes and modules design, membrane fouling mechanism illustration, combined processes development will be the main research hotspots for future industrial application of MD in high-concentration ammonia nitrogen wastewater treatment and reuse.

Key words: membrane distillation, high-concentration ammonia nitrogen wastewater, water reuse, ammonia recovery, membrane fouling

中图分类号:

X703

康赛,郑利兵,魏源送,李清雪. 膜蒸馏在高氨氮废水处理与回用中的研究应用进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2021, 41(12): 15-21.

Sai KANG,Libing ZHENG,Yuansong WEI,Qingxue LI. Research and application progress of membrane distillation in high-concentration ammonia nitrogen wastewaters treatment and recovery[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2021, 41(12): 15-21.

https://www.iwt.cn/CN/Y2021/V41/I12/15

图/表 5

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类型	示意	优点	缺点	应用情况
直接接触膜蒸馏（DCMD）		构型简单、通量稳定	热量损失大，受膜厚影响大	养殖废水、蒸氨废水等；多用于小试研究
气隙膜蒸馏（AGMD）		热损耗少、膜污染小且通量最高	传质阻力大，膜组件复杂，产水率低	高盐石化废水等
真空膜蒸馏（VMD）		温差极化弱，无膜润湿现象，通量较高	热回收困难，需额外的真空泵和冷凝器，成本高	尿液、养殖废水等；实现小型商业化应用
气扫膜蒸馏（SGMD）		传质系数高，温度极化弱	通量低，需提供冷凝气体	垃圾渗滤液等；已用于中试和示范工程

类型	示意	优点	缺点	应用情况
直接接触膜蒸馏（DCMD）		构型简单、通量稳定	热量损失大，受膜厚影响大	养殖废水、蒸氨废水等；多用于小试研究
气隙膜蒸馏（AGMD）		热损耗少、膜污染小且通量最高	传质阻力大，膜组件复杂，产水率低	高盐石化废水等
真空膜蒸馏（VMD）		温差极化弱，无膜润湿现象，通量较高	热回收困难，需额外的真空泵和冷凝器，成本高	尿液、养殖废水等；实现小型商业化应用
气扫膜蒸馏（SGMD）		传质系数高，温度极化弱	通量低，需提供冷凝气体	垃圾渗滤液等；已用于中试和示范工程

工艺	运行条件	进水水质	处理效果	膜清洗/膜污染	文献
DCMD	PTFE膜，接触角112°，厚30 μm，入口压力（LEP）180 kPa，膜面积185 cm²	COD（1 240±360）mg/L； TDS（3 008±172）mg/L； NH₄⁺-N（512±70）mg/L； VFA（512±112）mg/L	通量9.22 L/（m²·h），氨和COD截留率 > 90%；清洁后通量恢复96%	主要为有机污染，8 h后碱洗，通量可恢复至96%	^〔20〕
	PVDF膜，孔径0.45 μm，接触角132°；流速0.1 L/s；温度（50±1）℃	COD（631.50±4.77）mg/L； TN（377.00±2.83）mg/L； NH₄⁺-N（209.32±10.9）mg/L； PO₄^3-（47.84±0.40）mg/L	氨、COD、TP的截留率 > 99%	膜污染主要由于钙、镁和硅的沉积，加酸可有效减缓结垢	^〔21〕
	PVDF膜，孔径0.22 μm	COD（1 611.6±115.5）mg/L；NH₄⁺-N（731.2±66）mg/L； TP（31±3.3）mg/L； PO₄^3-（12.5±1.5）mg/L	通量38.8 L/（m²·h）； NH₄⁺-N、COD、TP截留率分别为90%、99.9%、99.4%	因CaCO₃在膜表面沉积，72 h后通量骤降为5 L/（m²·h）	^〔22〕
VMD	PTFE膜，孔径0.23 μm	NH₄⁺-N 0.29~1.21 mol/L	进料浓度为0.65 mol/L时氨去除率最佳；提高pH可高效脱氨		^〔23〕

工艺	运行条件	进水水质	处理效果	膜清洗/膜污染	文献
DCMD	PTFE膜，接触角112°，厚30 μm，入口压力（LEP）180 kPa，膜面积185 cm²	COD（1 240±360）mg/L； TDS（3 008±172）mg/L； NH₄⁺-N（512±70）mg/L； VFA（512±112）mg/L	通量9.22 L/（m²·h），氨和COD截留率 > 90%；清洁后通量恢复96%	主要为有机污染，8 h后碱洗，通量可恢复至96%	^〔20〕
	PVDF膜，孔径0.45 μm，接触角132°；流速0.1 L/s；温度（50±1）℃	COD（631.50±4.77）mg/L； TN（377.00±2.83）mg/L； NH₄⁺-N（209.32±10.9）mg/L； PO₄^3-（47.84±0.40）mg/L	氨、COD、TP的截留率 > 99%	膜污染主要由于钙、镁和硅的沉积，加酸可有效减缓结垢	^〔21〕
	PVDF膜，孔径0.22 μm	COD（1 611.6±115.5）mg/L；NH₄⁺-N（731.2±66）mg/L； TP（31±3.3）mg/L； PO₄^3-（12.5±1.5）mg/L	通量38.8 L/（m²·h）； NH₄⁺-N、COD、TP截留率分别为90%、99.9%、99.4%	因CaCO₃在膜表面沉积，72 h后通量骤降为5 L/（m²·h）	^〔22〕
VMD	PTFE膜，孔径0.23 μm	NH₄⁺-N 0.29~1.21 mol/L	进料浓度为0.65 mol/L时氨去除率最佳；提高pH可高效脱氨		^〔23〕

类别	工艺	运行条件	处理效果	膜清洗/膜污染	文献
垃圾渗滤液	SGMD	膜表面积58 cm²，温度55~85 ℃，吹扫速度0.6 m³/h	盐类、NH₄⁺-N截留率为99%、97%	运行15、21 d后，按照碱洗—水洗—酸洗—水洗进行2次膜清洗，通量分别可恢复97%、98%	^〔35〕
蒸氨废水	VMD	PTFE膜，孔径0.23 μm	水通量及氨传质系数增大，NH₄⁺-N为2.67 L/（m²·h），去除率88.3%	运行250 min后进行膜清洗，碱、酸洗液的最佳浓度均为0.1 mol/L，通量分别可恢复82.5%、87.7%	^〔36〕
污泥浓缩液	FO-MD	温度40 ℃，流速18 cm/s	NH₄⁺-N截留率 > 90%，PO₄^3-截留率 > 97%；沉淀速率升高	—	^〔37〕
印染废水	PMR	PTFE膜，孔径0.45 μm；紫外光照射15 min		限制氨传质；高品质产水主要污染物为含氮物质，但Ag/BiOBr光催化可有效缓解膜污染	^〔38〕
石化高盐废水	VMD	废水61~63 ℃，真空度-0.09 MPa，流速1.0 m/s	脱盐率＞99.9%，TOC去除率达91.4%	通量随废水浓缩倍数的增加而骤减	^〔39〕
含油废水	FO-MD	MD两侧流速为0.2、0.05 L/min	水回收率90%；高效截留油类和NaCl	7~10 h内通量显著下降，20~25 h缓慢下降，主要污染物为无机盐	^〔15〕
制药废水	VMD-结晶	温度60 ℃，流速0.1 m³/h	通量48 L/（m²·h）；NH₄⁺-N截留率 > 90%，NH₄⁺-N＜3 mg/L	膜污染主要由颗粒沉积造成，运行9 d经水洗后，通量可恢复98.6%	^〔40〕
制酸废水	VMD	PTFE膜，孔径0.1 μm	回收10.3 mg/L浓H₂SO₄，回收率91.81%	因盐析效应出现膜润湿现象	^〔41〕
电镀废水	VMD-MGA	PTFE膜，真空度-90 kPa，温度70 ℃，曝气量＞2 L/（m²·h）	通量2.6 L/（m²·h），TP 0.8 mg/L，NH₄⁺-N低至10 mg/L	—	^〔42〕

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