新型复合材料吸附放射性废水中锶的研究进展

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2020-0948

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

放射性锶是核工业生产过程中重要的核裂变产物，也是放射性废水中含量较多的放射性污染物，具有较长的半衰期和持续的生物毒性。随着核能的开发与利用，放射性核素锶不可避免地会被释放到环境中，给人类和环境带来巨大危害。因此，含锶放射性废水的处理引起人们的重视。吸附法因具有选择性高、工艺简单、易于再生处理、高效环保等优点，在放射性废水除锶领域被广泛应用。综述了近年来国内外利用吸附法处理含锶放射性废水的研究进展，特别是新型复合材料吸附去除水中Sr²⁺的应用现状，对比了单一吸附材料和复合吸附材料对Sr²⁺的吸附性能，对吸附除锶的关键因素和吸附机理进行总结，比较了不同吸附材料的吸附容量，并展望吸附除锶的未来发展方向。

关键词: 放射性废水, 吸附, 复合材料, 锶

Abstract:

Radioactive strontium(Sr) is an important nuclear fission product in the nuclear industry, which has a long half-life and persistent biological toxicity. With the development and utilization of nuclear energy, the radionuclide strontium is inevitably released into the environment, which brings great harm to human beings and the environment. Therefore, treatment of radioactive strontium containing wastewater has attracted wide attention. The adsorption method has the advantages of high selectivity, clean and simple process, easy regeneration treatment, and high efficiency. In recent years, it has been widely used to treat radioactive strontium contaminated wastewater. The latest research in treatment of radioactive strontium containing wastewater by adsorption was reviewed. The new composite materials in the adsorption and removal of strontium in water were focused on. The adsorption properties of single and composite adsorption materials for Sr²⁺ were compared, and the important factors and adsorption mechanism were analyzed and summarized. The adsorption capacity of different adsorption materials was compared. Furthermore, the development direction of adsorption technology in strontium removal in future was prospected.

Key words: radioactive wastewater, adsorption, composite material, strontium

中图分类号:

X703
TL94

杨宗政,朱雅萍,武莉娅,王娇,李泽洵,郭越. 新型复合材料吸附放射性废水中锶的研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2021, 41(12): 7-14.

Zongzheng YANG,Yaping ZHU,Liya WU,Jiao WANG,Zexun LI,Yue GUO. Research progress of novel composite materials adsorption strontium in radioactive wastewater[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2021, 41(12): 7-14.

https://www.iwt.cn/CN/Y2021/V41/I12/7

图/表 5

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吸附剂	最大吸附容量/（mg·g^-1）	文献
Hex-WO₃	28.19	^〔21〕
MxWO₃	10.5	^〔22〕
Ta-WO₃	41.26	^〔23〕
Mo-WO₃	21.0	^〔24〕
V-WO₃	57.57	^〔18〕

吸附剂	最大吸附容量/（mg·g^-1）	文献
Hex-WO₃	28.19	^〔21〕
MxWO₃	10.5	^〔22〕
Ta-WO₃	41.26	^〔23〕
Mo-WO₃	21.0	^〔24〕
V-WO₃	57.57	^〔18〕

吸附类型	吸附剂	吸附机理	文献
物理吸附	EDTA处理过程的头发	处理后的头发具有更多吸附位点，Sr²⁺与头发之间发生静电作用	^〔45〕
化学吸附	六氰合铁酸钴钠包裹藻酸盐微珠	羧基或氧上的孤对电子与锶结合成络合物	^〔20〕
	氧化石墨烯	Sr²⁺与GO含氧基团发生络合，形成结晶固体，含氧基团可能是羧基、羟基和环氧基	^〔37〕
	聚丙烯腈基钛酸钾球复合吸附剂	以化学吸附为主的单分子层吸附	^〔46〕
离子交换	羟基磷灰石-亚铁氰化钴复合材料	Ca²⁺从羟基磷灰石表面释放到溶液中，Sr²⁺从溶液中吸附到羟基磷灰石表面	^〔17〕
	壳聚糖富勒土珠	离子交换中Sr²⁺置换壳聚糖富勒土珠中的Ca²⁺离子交换后壳聚糖富勒土珠会吸收Sr²⁺	^〔33〕
	层状金属硫化物	Sr²⁺与Na⁺发生离子交换反应而被吸附	^〔47〕
	CHA型沸石	Sr²⁺渗透到CHA骨架，与Na⁺发生置换	^〔48〕
	季铵金属硫化物纳米片	吸附剂中的Na⁺和Sr²⁺发生离子交换	^〔49〕
物理吸附和离子交换	纳米结构层状钒硅酸钠	Sr²⁺与带负电的纳米层状钒硅酸钠之间发生静电吸引，有助于Sr²⁺去除；Sr²⁺与钒硅酸盐纳米结构层中的Na⁺发生离子交换	^〔50〕
化学吸附和离子交换	纳米结构壳聚糖/分子筛复合材料吸附剂	—P—O—P和—C—O—C作为吸附剂兼容的官能团接纳Sr²⁺；吸附剂中的Na⁺在吸附反应时与Sr²⁺交换	^〔31〕
化学吸附和离子交换	ZH型重金属螯合纤维	Sr²⁺与纤维上的氨基和羧基等基团进行配位络合，从而吸附在纤维表面；Sr²⁺与纤维上Na⁺和Ca²⁺存在离子交换作用	^〔51〕

吸附类型	吸附剂	吸附机理	文献
物理吸附	EDTA处理过程的头发	处理后的头发具有更多吸附位点，Sr²⁺与头发之间发生静电作用	^〔45〕
化学吸附	六氰合铁酸钴钠包裹藻酸盐微珠	羧基或氧上的孤对电子与锶结合成络合物	^〔20〕
	氧化石墨烯	Sr²⁺与GO含氧基团发生络合，形成结晶固体，含氧基团可能是羧基、羟基和环氧基	^〔37〕
	聚丙烯腈基钛酸钾球复合吸附剂	以化学吸附为主的单分子层吸附	^〔46〕
离子交换	羟基磷灰石-亚铁氰化钴复合材料	Ca²⁺从羟基磷灰石表面释放到溶液中，Sr²⁺从溶液中吸附到羟基磷灰石表面	^〔17〕
	壳聚糖富勒土珠	离子交换中Sr²⁺置换壳聚糖富勒土珠中的Ca²⁺离子交换后壳聚糖富勒土珠会吸收Sr²⁺	^〔33〕
	层状金属硫化物	Sr²⁺与Na⁺发生离子交换反应而被吸附	^〔47〕
	CHA型沸石	Sr²⁺渗透到CHA骨架，与Na⁺发生置换	^〔48〕
	季铵金属硫化物纳米片	吸附剂中的Na⁺和Sr²⁺发生离子交换	^〔49〕
物理吸附和离子交换	纳米结构层状钒硅酸钠	Sr²⁺与带负电的纳米层状钒硅酸钠之间发生静电吸引，有助于Sr²⁺去除；Sr²⁺与钒硅酸盐纳米结构层中的Na⁺发生离子交换	^〔50〕
化学吸附和离子交换	纳米结构壳聚糖/分子筛复合材料吸附剂	—P—O—P和—C—O—C作为吸附剂兼容的官能团接纳Sr²⁺；吸附剂中的Na⁺在吸附反应时与Sr²⁺交换	^〔31〕
化学吸附和离子交换	ZH型重金属螯合纤维	Sr²⁺与纤维上的氨基和羧基等基团进行配位络合，从而吸附在纤维表面；Sr²⁺与纤维上Na⁺和Ca²⁺存在离子交换作用	^〔51〕

吸附剂	试验条件	吸附率/%	最大吸附量/（mg·g^-1）	适用pH范围	平衡时间/min	文献
磁性壳聚糖	C₀=100 mg/L，温度30 ℃，吸附剂投加量2 g/L，pH=8	60.0	81.96	8	300	^〔32〕
壳聚糖富勒土珠	C₀=925 mg/L，温度25 ℃，吸附剂投加量2.5 g/L，pH=6.5	98.7	30.58	7~11	1 440	^〔33〕
间苯二酚甲醛树脂	C₀=10 mg/L，温度25 ℃，吸附剂投加量0.5 g/L，pH=7.5	54.4	2.28	7.5~9.5	2 880	^〔55〕
生物吸附剂	C₀=200 mg/L，温度22 ℃，吸附剂投加量1 g/L，pH=13	70.0	3.92	13	60	^〔56〕
棉碳气凝胶	C₀=200 mg/L，温度20 ℃，吸附剂投加量5 g/L，pH=12	60.2	24.63	5~7	480	^〔57〕
硅铝酸盐	C₀=100 mg/L，温度25~55 ℃，吸附剂投加量0.5 g/L	95.0	12.41	3~11	60	^〔48〕
季铵金属硫化物纳米片	C₀=5 mg/L，温度45 ℃，吸附剂投加量1 g/L	98.4	40.4	3~12	720	^〔49〕
细菌纤维膜素	C₀=100 mg/L，温度30 ℃，pH=6	83.0	44.86	—	240	^〔58〕
高表面积羟基磷灰石	吸附剂投加量500 mg/L，pH=7.5	85.0	28.51	3~12	120	^〔59〕
聚乙烯醇水凝胶膜	C₀=5 mg/L，温度25 ℃，吸附剂投加量1 g/L，pH=6	87.0	47.1	—	300	^〔60〕

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