混合式净化槽处理农村生活污水的性能分析

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2025-0144

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农村地区水污染控制是实现可持续发展目标的关键挑战之一，有效的农村污水处理技术成为研究和实践的重点。开发了一种混合式净化槽用于处理农村分散式污水，通过长期运行试验，系统评估了该工艺的污染物去除性能，并解析了其微生物菌群结构特征。结果表明，混合式净化槽对COD、NH₄ ⁺-N和TN具有良好的去除效果，平均去除率分别为78.74%、98.53%和73.94%，平均出水质量浓度分别为52.85、0.97、18.02 mg/L，满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918—2002）一级B标准。该系统具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。微生物分析显示，Nitrospira、norank_f__Saprospiraceae、norank_f__norank_o__norank_c__OLB14为系统中的优势菌属，对净化槽内COD的降解及TN的去除起促进作用。经济性分析显示，混合式净化槽无需复杂管网建设，运行成本低，在农村分散式污水治理中具有良好应用前景。

关键词: 农村生活污水, 一体化设备, 净化槽, 生物脱氮, 微生物群落

Abstract:

Water pollution control in rural areas is one of the key challenges to achieve the goal of sustainable development, and effective rural sewage treatment technology has become the focus of research and practice. A hybrid purification tank was developed for treating decentralized sewage in rural areas. Through long-term operation experiments, the pollutant removal performance of the process was systematically evaluated, and the characteristics of microbial community structure was analyzed. The results showed that the hybrid purification tank had good removal effects on COD, NH₄ ⁺-N and TN, with average removal rates of 78.74%, 98.53% and 73.94%, respectively. The average effluent concentrations were 52.85, 0.97, and 18.02 mg/L, respectively, meeting the Class B standard of Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918—2002). The hybrid purification tank had strong resistance to shock loads. Microbial analysis showed that Nitrospira, norank_f__Saprospiraceae, norank_f__norank_o__norank_c__OLB14 were the dominant bacteria in the system, which promoted the degradation of COD and the removal of TN. Economic analysis showed that hybrid purification tank did not require complex pipeline construction, and had low operating costs, offering good application prospects in decentralized sewage treatment in rural areas.

Key words: rural domestic sewage, integrated equipment, purification tank, biological denitrification, microbial community

中图分类号:

X703.1

李东阁, 于立红, 杨蕊, 张汶, 艾顺轩, 李浩. 混合式净化槽处理农村生活污水的性能分析[J]. 工业水处理, 2026, 46(1): 67-74.

Dongge LI, Lihong YU, Rui YANG, Wen ZHANG, Shunxuan AI, Hao LI. Performance of hybrid purification tank for rural domestic wastewater treatment[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2026, 46(1): 67-74.

https://www.iwt.cn/CN/Y2026/V46/I1/67

图/表 10

图1 混合式净化槽示意

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the hybrid purification tank

图2 净化槽反应器对COD的去除性能

Fig.2 Removal performance of COD by purification tank reactor

图3 净化槽反应器对NH₄ ⁺-N的去除性能

Fig.3 Removal performance of NH₄ ⁺-N by purification tank reactor

图4 净化槽反应器对TN的去除性能（a）及进水C/N（b）

Fig.4 Removal performance of TN by purification tank reactor （a） and influent C/N （b）

图5 不同HRT下反应器中微生物状态与EPS特性变化

Fig.5 Changes in microbial status and EPS characteristics in reactors under different HRTs

图6 微生物群落稀释性曲线

Fig.6 Microbial community dilution curve

表1 微生物群落多样性指数

Table 1 Microbial community diversity index

项目	相似水平	Ace	OTUs	Chao1	Shannon	Simpson	Coverage
数值	97%	2 201.79	1 938	2 161.62	6.13	0.005 6	99.50%

图7 门水平菌群结构分布

Fig.7 Distribution of microbial structure at phylum level

图8 属水平菌群结构分布

Fig.8 Distribution of microbial structure at genus level

表2 不同农村生活污水处理工艺运行成本

Table 2 Operating costs of different rural domestic sewage treatment processes

工艺	A²O-MBR	改良A²O	一体化A²O	混合式净化槽
电费/（元·t^-1）	0.59	0.46	0.51	0.38
药剂费/（元·t^-1）	0.12	0.16	0.10	0
合计/（元·t^-1）	0.71	0.62	0.61	0.38

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