纳米限域催化在环境污染治理高级氧化领域的研究进展

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2025-0213

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

纳米限域催化技术通过精准调控活性位点的空间分布与反应微环境，优化限域结构设计，显著提升了催化体系的催化效率、稳定性及耐久性。系统综述了孔道限域、核壳限域、晶格限域、表面空间限域和综合各种限域类型的多重限域策略的设计原理，揭示了活性位点分散优化、反应物富集、传质强化、毒副反应规避等多维协同机制，对比分析了各限域策略的优缺点及其在光催化、过氧化氢活化等环境治理高级氧化技术中的应用。最后展望了该技术未来的研究方向，提出未来应在该类催化剂对新污染物的靶向治理、催化剂的绿色合成与循环利用、相关耦合技术的开发及智能系统设计方面进行深入探索。

关键词: 催化剂, 纳米限域效应, 环境纳米材料, 高级氧化, 污染物降解

Abstract:

Nanoconfined catalysis technology significantly enhances the efficiency, stability, and durability of catalytic system by precisely regulating the spatial distribution of active sites, optimizing the reaction microenvironment, and refining the design of confinement structures. The design principles of various confinement strategies, including pore confinement, core-shell confinement, lattice confinement, surface spatial confinement, and multiple confinement strategies combining different types were systematically summarized. Multidimensional synergistic mechanisms such as active site dispersion optimization, reactant enrichment, mass transfer enhancement, and avoidance of toxic byproducts were revealed. The advantages and disadvantages of each confinement strategy were comparatively analyzed, along with the applications in advanced oxidation technologies related to environmental pollution control such as photocatalysis and hydrogen peroxide activation. Finally, the future research directions of this technology were discussed, and it was proposed that in-depth exploration should be conducted in the targeted treatment of emerging pollutants using this type of catalyst, the green synthesis and recycling of catalysts, the development of related coupling technologies, and the design of intelligent systems.

Key words: catalyst, nanoconfined effect, environmental nanomaterials, advanced oxidation, pollutant degradation

中图分类号:

X505

鹿晓菲, 田炜杰, 史斌, 李海明, 彭佳华, 可欣. 纳米限域催化在环境污染治理高级氧化领域的研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2026, 46(2): 1-10.

Xiaofei LU, Weijie TIAN, Bin SHI, Haiming LI, Jiahua PENG, Xin KE. Research progress of nanoconfined catalysis in advanced oxidation for environmental pollution control[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2026, 46(2): 1-10.

https://www.iwt.cn/CN/Y2026/V46/I2/1

图/表 7

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限域类型	优点	缺点	应用
孔道限域	限制NPs聚集，增强分子间相互作用；改善反应物可接近性，提升表面适配性和稳定性	过度限域增加扩散阻力，微孔结构可能抑制反应速率；孔道堵塞或金属粒子流失影响催化性能	中空石墨球^〔12〕、Al₂O₃基板^〔14〕、 SiO₂纳米纤维管^〔15〕等
核壳限域	防止活性组分迁移团聚，保护内核免受干扰，提供多级孔道增加反应物接触机会	无序的壳层孔道可能增加反应物及产物的传质阻力，影响反应速率	Ag@ZnO^〔16〕、Co₃O₄@SiO₂ ^〔18〕、 Fe₃O₄@TiO₂ ^〔19〕等
晶格限域	形成强金属-载体相互作用，调控电子结构，实现高分散均匀分布	高温下晶格结构可能受损，晶格缺陷可能导致活性位点不足	TiO₂晶格^〔22〕、Co₉S₈晶格^〔23〕、 NF-Al₂O₃晶格^〔25〕等
表面空间限域	调控金属粒子分布和间距，防止团聚，促进均匀分散，提升催化效率	载体构建复杂，规模化难度大；限域结构稳定性受热力学影响	三维树状介孔硅^〔27〕、 MOF结构UiO-66^〔28〕等
多重限域	结合多种限域优势，实现活性位点保护与传质协同优化	多步骤合成，工艺复杂；某些试剂价格昂贵，成本较高	孔道+核壳^〔30〕、孔道+晶格^〔31〕等

限域类型	优点	缺点	应用
孔道限域	限制NPs聚集，增强分子间相互作用；改善反应物可接近性，提升表面适配性和稳定性	过度限域增加扩散阻力，微孔结构可能抑制反应速率；孔道堵塞或金属粒子流失影响催化性能	中空石墨球^〔12〕、Al₂O₃基板^〔14〕、 SiO₂纳米纤维管^〔15〕等
核壳限域	防止活性组分迁移团聚，保护内核免受干扰，提供多级孔道增加反应物接触机会	无序的壳层孔道可能增加反应物及产物的传质阻力，影响反应速率	Ag@ZnO^〔16〕、Co₃O₄@SiO₂ ^〔18〕、 Fe₃O₄@TiO₂ ^〔19〕等
晶格限域	形成强金属-载体相互作用，调控电子结构，实现高分散均匀分布	高温下晶格结构可能受损，晶格缺陷可能导致活性位点不足	TiO₂晶格^〔22〕、Co₉S₈晶格^〔23〕、 NF-Al₂O₃晶格^〔25〕等
表面空间限域	调控金属粒子分布和间距，防止团聚，促进均匀分散，提升催化效率	载体构建复杂，规模化难度大；限域结构稳定性受热力学影响	三维树状介孔硅^〔27〕、 MOF结构UiO-66^〔28〕等
多重限域	结合多种限域优势，实现活性位点保护与传质协同优化	多步骤合成，工艺复杂；某些试剂价格昂贵，成本较高	孔道+核壳^〔30〕、孔道+晶格^〔31〕等

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