摘要：

随着我国铀资源开发工业的发展，含铀废水污染已成为不可忽视的环境问题，采用合适的技术对含铀废水进行处理受到研究者的广泛关注。综述了含铀废水的处理技术，包括化学沉淀法、还原固化法、离子交换法、吸附法、微生物法和电沉积法等传统方法以及膜分离法和矿物固铀法等新技术。介绍了各种技术在含铀废水处理中的应用并对其机理进行了分析，对其优缺点进行分析比较认为，各种方法的适用方向具有显著特异性，实际应用中可采用多种方法联合处理。传统处理方法具有相对成熟、工艺过程简单和低成本高效益等优点，但是也存在选择性不强、稳定性差和二次污染等缺点；传统方法停留在对原有材料的功能化和改性，试图不断突破其处理铀的上限；新技术中的膜过滤法具有自动化程度高、分离效果好、渗透液可重复利用等优势，同时也存在成本高、工艺复杂、膜污染和渗透通量低等问题。在众多含铀废水处理工艺中，矿物固铀法在大批量含铀废水处理上具有明显优势，固铀产物作为二次铀资源进行回收储备是实现含铀废水无害化与资源化处理的优选方法。

关键词: 含铀废水, 吸附, 固铀

Abstract:

With the development of uranium resource exploitation industry in China，uranium-containing wastewater pollution has become a non-negligible environmental problem. The treatment of uranium-containing wastewater with appropriate technology has been widely concerned. This paper reviewed the treatment techniques of uranium-containing wastewater，including the traditional processes，such as chemical precipitation，reduction curing，ion exchange，adsorption，microbial and electrodeposition and advanced processes including membrane separation and uranium immobilization into minerals. The application of each technique in the treatment of uranium-containing wastewater was briefly described and its mechanism was analyzed，and their advantages and disadvantages were analyzed and compared. It was concluded that the application of each method had significant specificity，and a combination of methods could be used in practical applications. Traditional treatment methods had the advantages of relative maturity，simple process and low cost and high efficiency，but they also had the disadvantages of poor selectivity， poor stability and secondary pollution. Traditional uranium-containing wastewater treatment methods stayed in the functionalization and modification of the original material，trying to constantly break through its upper limit of uranium treatment. Among the new technologies，membrane filtration method had the advantages of high automation， good separation effect and reusable permeate，but also had the problems of high cost，complicated process，membrane contamination and low permeate flux. Among those uranium-containing wastewater treatment processes，uranium immobilization into minerals had obvious advantages in the treatment of large quantities of uranium-containing wastewater. The recovery and reserve of uranium immobilization products as secondary uranium resources was the optimal method to realize the harmless and resource-based treatment of uranium-containing wastewater.

Key words: uranium-containing wastewater, adsorption, uranium immobilization

中图分类号: 

• X703