非均相光催化活化过硫酸盐处理有机污染物的研究进展

doi:10.19965/j.cnki.iwt.2024-0651

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

非均相光催化活化过硫酸盐技术已被广泛应用于有毒和难降解有机污染物的去除，展现出环境友好性，在水处理领域受到了广泛的关注。根据非均相光催化活化过硫酸盐技术的研究，从直接光解、电子还原、空穴氧化3个方面深入探讨了非均相光催化活化过硫酸盐的活化机制，介绍了铁基、钴基、钛基、碳基等光催化材料，并总结了各类催化材料的优势和缺点，具体讨论了关键因素（过硫酸盐投加量、催化剂投加量、污染物初始浓度、溶液pH、共存离子等）对非均相光催化活化过硫酸盐体系氧化效能的影响，对该技术面临的前景和挑战进行了讨论，期望能够推动非均相光催化活化硫酸盐体系在水处理领域的进一步发展。

关键词: 过硫酸盐, 光催化, 高级氧化, 难降解有机污染物, 自由基反应

Abstract:

Heterogeneous photocatalytic activation of persulfate technology has been widely applied in the removal of toxic and bio-refractory organic contaminants, showing environmental friendliness and garnering extensive attention in the field of water treatment. Based on the research of heterogeneous photocatalytic persulfate activation technology, this study comprehensively explored three activation mechanisms: direct photolysis, electron reduction, and hole oxidation. Various photocatalytic materials, including iron-based, cobalt-based, titanium-based, and carbon-based catalysts were introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages were summarized. Furthermore, the influence of key factors, such as persulfate dosage, catalyst dosage, initial pollutant concentration, solution pH, and coexisting ions, on the oxidation efficiency of the heterogeneous photocatalytic persulfate activation system was systematically analyzed. Finally, the prospects and challenges of this technology were discussed, with the aim of promoting further development of heterogeneous photocatalytic persulfate systems in the field of water treatment.

Key words: persulfate, photocatalysis, advanced oxidation, refractory organic contaminants, radical reaction

中图分类号:

X703
X52

李增强. 非均相光催化活化过硫酸盐处理有机污染物的研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2025, 45(7): 19-31.

Zengqiang LI. Progress on heterogeneous photocatalytic activation of persulfate for the treatment organic contaminants[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2025, 45(7): 19-31.

https://www.iwt.cn/CN/Y2025/V45/I7/19

图/表 9

参考文献 93

[1]	THUY N T， TIEN N T C， ANH H N C，et al. Treatment of textile dye wastewater by peroxymonosulfate activation using facilely prepared Fe₃O₄@TiO₂ heterogeneous photocatalyst［J］. CLEAN-Soil，Air，Water，2024，52（5）：2300024. doi:10.1002/clen.202300024
[2]	HE Shaoxiong， CHEN Yanxi， LI Xin，et al. Heterogeneous photocatalytic activation of persulfate for the removal of organic contaminants in water：A critical review［J］. ACS ES&T Engineering，2022，2（4）：527-546. doi:10.1021/acsestengg.1c00330
[3]	YANG Qi， MA Yinghao， CHEN Fei，et al. Recent advances in photo-activated sulfate radical-advanced oxidation process（SR-AOP） for refractory organic pollutants removal in water［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2019，378：122149. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.122149
[4]	CHEN Zhihao， LI Xuchun， ZHANG Shujuan，et al. Overlooked role of peroxides as free radical precursors in advanced oxidation processes［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2019，53（4）：2054-2062. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b05901
[5]	ANIPSITAKIS G P， DIONYSIOU D D. Degradation of organic contaminants in water with sulfate radicals generated by the conjunction of peroxymonosulfate with cobalt［J］. Environmental Science & Technology，2003，37（20）：4790-4797. doi:10.1021/es0263792
[6]	TU Yu， SUN Sijia， DING Hao，et al. Self-polarized schorl optimizing TiO₂ for photocatalytic persulfate activation and organic pollutants degradation［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials，2023，459：132120. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132120
[7]	HASIJA V， NGUYEN V H， KUMAR A，et al. Advanced activation of persulfate by polymeric g-C₃N₄ based photocatalysts for environmental remediation：A review［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials，2021，413：125324.
[8]	LI Ling， YUAN Xiping， ZHOU Zhanpeng，et al. Research progress of photocatalytic activated persulfate removal of environmental organic pollutants by metal and nonmetal based photocatalysts［J］. Journal of Cleaner Production，2022，372：133420. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133420
[9]	XU Yin， CAI Jie， CHEN Lu，et al. Advances in heterogeneous visible light photocatalysis coupled with persulfate activation for water pollution control［J］. CIESC Journal，2023，74（3）：995-1009.
[10]	YANG Jingling， ZHU Mingshan， DIONYSIOU D D. What is the role of light in persulfate-based advanced oxidation for water treatment？［J］. Water Research，2021，189：116627. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116627
[11]	AO Xiuwei， LIU Wenjun. Degradation of sulfamethoxazole by medium pressure UV and oxidants：Peroxymonosulfate，persulfate，and hydrogen peroxide［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2017，313：629-637. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2016.12.089
[12]	LI Wei， GUO Hongguang， WANG Chengjin，et al. ROS reevaluation for degradation of 4-chloro-3，5-dimethylphenol（PCMX） by UV and UV/persulfate processes in the water：Kinetics，mechanism，DFT studies and toxicity evolution［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2020，390：124610. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.124610
[13]	LIU Yiqing， HE Xuexiang， FU Yongsheng，et al. Kinetics and mechanism investigation on the destruction of oxytetracycline by UV-254 nm activation of persulfate［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials，2016，305：229-239. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.11.043
[14]	VERMA S， NAKAMURA S， SILLANPÄÄ M. Application of UV-C LED activated PMS for the degradation of anatoxin-a［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2016，284：122-129. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.095
[15]	GAO Yuqiong， GAO Naiyun， CHU Wenhai，et al. UV-activated persulfate oxidation of sulfamethoxypyridazine：Kinetics，degradation pathways and impact on DBP formation during subsequent chlorination［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2019，370：706-715. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.237
[16]	GU Deming， GUO Changsheng， HOU Song，et al. Kinetic and mechanistic investigation on the decomposition of ketamine by UV-254 nm activated persulfate［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2019，370：19-26. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.093
[17]	GHAUCH A， BAALBAKI A， AMASHA M，et al. Contribution of persulfate in UV-254 nm activated systems for complete degradation of chloramphenicol antibiotic in water［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2017，317：1012-1025. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.133
[18]	LEI Yu， LU Jun， ZHU Mengyu，et al. Radical chemistry of diethyl phthalate oxidation via UV/peroxymonosulfate process：Roles of primary and secondary radicals［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2020，379：122339. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.122339
[19]	ZHANG Xing， YAO Jilun， ZHAO Zhiwei，et al. Degradation of haloacetonitriles with UV/peroxymonosulfate process：Degradation pathway and the role of hydroxyl radicals［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2019，364：1-10. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.01.029
[20]	QI Yumeng， QU Ruijuan， LIU Jiaoqin，et al. Oxidation of flumequine in aqueous solution by UV-activated peroxymonosulfate：Kinetics，water matrix effects，degradation products and reaction pathways［J］. Chemosphere，2019，237：124484. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124484
[21]	KHAN S， HE Xuexiang， KHAN J A，et al. Kinetics and mechanism of sulfate radical- and hydroxyl radical-induced degradation of highly chlorinated pesticide lindane in UV/peroxymonosulfate system［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2017，318：135-142. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2016.05.150
[22]	KIM M， KIM J， CHO H I，et al. Revisiting the role of peroxymonosulfate in TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic oxidation：Dependence of kinetic enhancement on target substrate and surface platinization［J］. ACS ES&T Engineering，2021，1（11）：1530-1541. doi:10.1021/acsestengg.1c00188
[23]	LIU Junqin， WU Pingxiao， YANG Shanshan，et al. A photo-switch for peroxydisulfate non-radical/radical activation over layered CuFe oxide：Rational degradation pathway choice for pollutants［J］. Applied Catalysis B：Environmental，2020，261：118232. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118232
[24]	ZHANG Gong， WU Zhang， LIU Huijuan，et al. Photoactuation healing of α-FeOOH@g-C₃N₄ catalyst for efficient and stable activation of persulfate［J］. Small，2017，13（41）：1702225. doi:10.1002/smll.201702225
[25]	HU Han， ZHANG Haixuan， CHEN Ya，et al. Enhanced photocatalysis degradation of organophosphorus flame retardant using MIL-101（Fe）/persulfate：Effect of irradiation wavelength and real water matrixes［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2019，368：273-284. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.02.190
[26]	FENG Shan， YU Minggao， XIE Taiping，et al. MoS₂/CoFe₂O₄ heterojunction for boosting photogenerated carrier separation and the dominant role in enhancing peroxymonosulfate activation［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2022，433：134467. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.134467
[27]	TAN Jie， LI Zhifeng， LI Jie，et al. Visible-light-assisted peroxymonosulfate activation by metal-free bifunctional oxygen-doped graphitic carbon nitride for enhanced degradation of imidacloprid：Role of non-photochemical and photocatalytic activation pathway［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials，2022，423：127048. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127048
[28]	WANG Anqi， CHEN Zuo， ZHENG Zhikeng，et al. Remarkably enhanced sulfate radical-based photo-Fenton-like degradation of levofloxacin using the reduced mesoporous MnO@MnO_x microspheres［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2020，379：122340. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.122340
[29]	SHI Heng， HE Yi， LI Yubin，et al. Unraveling the synergy mechanism between photocatalysis and peroxymonosulfate activation on a Co/Fe bimetal-doped carbon nitride［J］. Acs Catalysis，2023，13（13）：8973-8986. doi:10.1021/acscatal.3c01496
[30]	LI Yongjie， XIANG Wei， ZHOU Tao，et al. Visible light induced efficient activation of persulfate by a carbon quantum dots（CQDs） modified γ-Fe₂O₃ catalyst［J］. Chinese Chemical Letters，2020，31（10）：2757-2761. doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2020.01.032
[31]	WANG Liang， HUANG Xuan， HAN Muen，et al. Efficient inhibition of photogenerated electron-hole recombination through persulfate activation and dual-pathway degradation of micropollutants over iron molybdate［J］. Applied Catalysis B：Environmental，2019，257：117904. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.117904
[32]	WANG Lulin， LU Wangyang， NI Dongjing，et al. Solar-initiated photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine on excited-state hexadecachlorophthalocyanine in the presence of peroxymonosulfate［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2017，330：625-634. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.172
[33]	PAN Lihan， SHI Wen，SEN T，et al. Visible light-driven selective organic degradation by FeTiO₃/persulfate system：The formation and effect of high valent Fe（Ⅳ）［J］. Applied Catalysis B：Environmental，2021，280：119414. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119414
[34]	YIN Renli， CHEN Yanxi， HE Shaoxiong，et al. In situ photoreduction of structural Fe（Ⅲ） in a metal-organic framework for peroxydisulfate activation and efficient removal of antibiotics in real wastewater［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials，2020，388：121996. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121996
[35]	ZHANG Ying， ZHOU Jiabin， CHEN Xin，et al. Coupling of heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes and photocatalysis in efficient degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by Fe-based MOFs：Synergistic effect and degradation pathway［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2019，369：745-757. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.03.108
[36]	MEI Weidong， LI Dongya， XU Haiming，et al. Effect of electronic migration of MIL-53（Fe） on the activation of peroxymonosulfate under visible light［J］. Chemical Physics Letters，2018，706：694-701. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2018.07.020
[37]	GAO Yaowen， LI Simiao， LI Yixi，et al. Accelerated photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutant over metal-organic framework MIL-53（Fe） under visible LED light mediated by persulfate［J］. Applied Catalysis B：Environmental，2017，202：165-174. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.09.005
[38]	WANG Xiangyu， WANG Anqi， MA Jun. Visible-light-driven photocatalytic removal of antibiotics by newly designed C₃N₄@MnFe₂O₄-graphene nanocomposites［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials，2017，336：81-92. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.012
[39]	ZUO Sijin， JIN Xuming， WANG Xinwei，et al. Sandwich structure stabilized atomic Fe catalyst for highly efficient Fenton-like reaction at all pH values［J］. Applied Catalysis B：Environmental，2021，282：119551. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119551
[40]	SHAO Huixin， ZHAO Xu， WANG Yanbin，et al. Synergetic activation of peroxymonosulfate by Co₃O₄ modified g-C₃N₄ for enhanced degradation of diclofenac sodium under visible light irradiation［J］. Applied Catalysis B：Environmental，2017，218：810-818. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.07.016
[41]	GUO Jie， SHEN Chunhui， SUN Jie，et al. Highly efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate by Co₃O₄/Bi₂MoO₆ p-n heterostructure composites for the degradation of norfloxacin under visible light irradiation［J］. Separation and Purification Technology，2021，259：118109. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118109
[42]	WANG Lingli， GUO Xu， CHEN Yingying，et al. Cobalt-doped g-C₃N₄ as a heterogeneous catalyst for photo-assisted activation of peroxymonosulfate for the degradation of organic contaminants［J］. Applied Surface Science，2019，467：954-962. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.10.262
[43]	SUN Jie， SHEN Chunhui， GUO Jie，et al. Highly efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate by Co₃O₄/Bi₂WO₆ p-n heterojunction composites for the degradation of ciprofloxacin under visible light irradiation［J］. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science，2021，588：19-30. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.043
[44]	QIU X P， YU J S， XU H M，et al. Interfacial effect of the nanostructured Ag₂S/Co₃O₄ and its catalytic mechanism for the dye photodegradation under visible light［J］. Applied Surface Science，2016，362：498-505. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.161
[45]	ZENG Hanxuan， ZHANG Haojie， DENG Lin，et al. Peroxymonosulfate-assisted photocatalytic degradation of sulfadiazine using self-assembled multi-layered CoAl-LDH/g-C₃N₄ heterostructures：Performance，mechanism and eco-toxicity evaluation［J］. Journal of Water Process Engineering，2020，33：101084. doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.101084
[46]	LIU Yang， GUO Hongguang， ZHANG Yongli，et al. Highly efficient removal of trimethoprim based on peroxymonosulfate activation by carbonized resin with Co doping：Performance，mechanism and degradation pathway［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2019，356：717-726. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.086
[47]	HE Shaoxiong， YIN Renli， CHEN Yanxi，et al. Consolidated 3D Co₃Mn-layered double hydroxide aerogel for photo-assisted peroxymonosulfate activation in metronidazole degradation［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2021，423：130172. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.130172
[48]	CHEN Guangliang， SI Xiaolei， YU Jinsong，et al. Doping nano-Co₃O₄ surface with bigger nanosized Ag and its photocatalytic properties for visible light photodegradation of organic dyes［J］. Applied Surface Science，2015，330：191-199. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.01.011
[49]	LIN K A， HSU F K， LEE W D. Magnetic cobalt-graphene nanocomposite derived from self-assembly of MOFs with graphene oxide as an activator for peroxymonosulfate［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry A，2015，3（18）：9480-9490. doi:10.1039/c4ta06516f
[50]	CHEN Qingkong， JI Fangying， GUO Qian，et al. Degradation of phenol by vis/co-TiO₂/KHSO₅ hybrid Co/SR-photoprocess at neutral pH［J］. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research，2013，52（35）：12540-12549. doi:10.1021/ie4012547
[51]	CHAN K H， CHU W. Degradation of atrazine by cobalt-mediated activation of peroxymonosulfate：Different cobalt counteranions in homogenous process and cobalt oxide catalysts in photolytic heterogeneous process［J］. Water Research，2009，43（9）：2513-2521. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.029
[52]	CHEN Xiaoyang， WANG Weiping， XIAO Hua，et al. Accelerated TiO₂ photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 under visible light mediated by peroxymonosulfate［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2012，193：290-295. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.04.033
[53]	KHAN S， HAN C， KHAN H M，et al. Efficient degradation of lindane by visible and simulated solar light-assisted S-TiO₂/peroxymonosulfate process：Kinetics and mechanistic investigations［J］. Molecular Catalysis，2017，428：9-16. doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2016.11.035
[54]	LIM J， KWAK D Y， SIELAND F，et al. Visible light-induced catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate using heterogeneous surface complexes of amino acids on TiO₂ ［J］. Applied Catalysis B：Environmental，2018，225：406-414. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.12.025
[55]	JO Y， KIM C， MOON G H，et al. Activation of peroxymonosulfate on visible light irradiated TiO₂ via a charge transfer complex path［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2018，346：249-257. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.150
[56]	ZHANG Tianhu， LIU Yuanjun， RAO Yandi，et al. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ with acetylene black and persulfate for degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride under visible light［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2020，384：123350. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.123350
[57]	XU Lu， CAO Siyu， BAI Xue，et al. Efficient Fe（Ⅲ） reduction and persulfate activation induced by ligand-to-metal charge transfer under visible light enhances degradation of organics［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2022，446：137052. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.137052
[58]	FENG Shan， XIE Taiping， WANG Jiankang，et al. Photocatalytic activation of PMS over magnetic heterojunction photocatalyst SrTiO₃/BaFe₁₂O₁₉ for tetracycline ultrafast degradation［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2023，470：143900. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.143900
[59]	PUGAZHENTHIRAN N， MURUGESAN S， SATHISHKUMAR P，et al. Photocatalytic degradation of ceftiofur sodium in the presence of gold nanoparticles loaded TiO₂ under UV-visible light［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2014，241：401-409. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.069
[60]	GUL I， SAYED M， SHAH N S，et al. Solar light responsive bismuth doped titania with Ti³⁺ for efficient photocatalytic degradation of flumequine：Synergistic role of peroxymonosulfate［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2020，384：123255. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.123255
[61]	WANG Qingjie， CUI Yan， HUANG Rongjiao，et al. A heterogeneous Fenton reaction system of N-doped TiO₂ anchored on sepiolite activates peroxymonosulfate under visible light irradiation［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2020，383：123142. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2019.123142
[62]	JOSHAGHANI M， YAZDANI D， ZINATIZADEH A A. Statistical modeling of p-nitrophenol degradation using a response surface methodology（RSM） over nano zero-valent iron-modified degussa P25-TiO₂/ZnO photocatalyst with persulfate［J］. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society，2017，14（11）：2449-2456. doi:10.1007/s13738-017-1179-9
[63]	TANG Rongdi， ZENG Hao， DENG Yaocheng，et al. Dual modulation on peroxymonosulfate activation site and photocarrier separation in carbon nitride for efficient photocatalytic organics degradation：Efficacy and mechanism evaluation［J］. Applied Catalysis B：Environmental，2023，336：122918. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122918
[64]	KIM J G， PARK S M， LEE M E，et al. Photocatalytic co-oxidation of As（Ⅲ） and Orange G using urea-derived g-C₃N₄ and persulfate［J］. Chemosphere，2018，212：193-199. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.081
[65]	SONG Yali， HUANG Long， ZHANG Xiaojing，et al. Synergistic effect of persulfate and g-C₃N₄ under simulated solar light irradiation：Implication for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials，2020，393：122379. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122379
[66]	XU Lijie， QI Lanyue， SUN Yang，et al. Mechanistic studies on peroxymonosulfate activation by g-C₃N₄ under visible light for enhanced oxidation of light-inert dimethyl phthalate［J］. Chinese Journal of Catalysis，2020，41（2）：322-332. doi:10.1016/s1872-2067(19)63447-9
[67]	LIU Bochuan， QIAO Meng， WANG Yanbin，et al. Persulfate enhanced photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A by g-C₃N₄ nanosheets under visible light irradiation［J］. Chemosphere，2017，189：115-122. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.169
[68]	GHANBARI F， MORADI M， GOHARI F. Degradation of 2，4，6-trichlorophenol in aqueous solutions using peroxymonosulfate/activated carbon/UV process via sulfate and hydroxyl radicals［J］. Journal of Water Process Engineering，2016，9：22-28. doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2015.11.011
[69]	DANGWANG DIKDIM J M， GONG Yan， NOUMI G B，et al. Peroxymonosulfate improved photocatalytic degradation of atrazine by activated carbon/graphitic carbon nitride composite under visible light irradiation［J］. Chemosphere，2019，217：833-842. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.177
[70]	HAN Wenyuan， LI Degang， ZHANG Manqi，et al. Photocatalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate by surface-tailored carbon quantum dots［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials，2020，395：122695. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122695
[71]	WANG Guanlong， CHEN Shuo， QUAN Xie，et al. Enhanced activation of peroxymonosulfate by nitrogen doped porous carbon for effective removal of organic pollutants［J］. Carbon，2017，115：730-739. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.060
[72]	WANG Guanlong， ZHAO Ya， MA Huanran，et al. Enhanced peroxymonosulfate activation on dual active sites of N vacancy modified g-C₃N₄ under visible-light assistance and its selective removal of organic pollutants［J］. Science of the Total Environment，2021，756：144139. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144139
[73]	DOU Yicheng， YAN Tingting， ZHANG Zhipeng，et al. Heterogeneous activation of peroxydisulfate by sulfur-doped g-C₃N₄ under visible-light irradiation：Implications for the degradation of spiramycin and an assessment of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials，2021，406：124328. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124328
[74]	GONG Yan， ZHAO Xu， ZHANG Hui，et al. MOF-derived nitrogen doped carbon modified g-C₃N₄ heterostructure composite with enhanced photocatalytic activity for bisphenol A degradation with peroxymonosulfate under visible light irradiation［J］. Applied Catalysis B：Environmental，2018，233：35-45. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.03.077
[75]	ZHANG Junlei， JING Binghua， TANG Zhuoyun，et al. Experimental and DFT insights into the visible-light driving metal-free C₃N₅ activated persulfate system for efficient water purification［J］. Applied Catalysis B：Environmental，2021，289：120023. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120023
[76]	OLMEZ-HANCI T， ARSLAN-ALATON I. Comparison of sulfate and hydroxyl radical based advanced oxidation of phenol［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2013，224：10-16. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.11.007
[77]	LUO Congwei， MA Jun， JIANG Jin，et al. Simulation and comparative study on the oxidation kinetics of atrazine by UV/H₂O₂，UV/HSO₅ ^- and UV/S₂O₈ ^2- ［J］. Water Research，2015，80：99-108.
[78]	GAO Yaowen， ZHANG Zhuoyue， LI Simiao，et al. Insights into the mechanism of heterogeneous activation of persulfate with a clay/iron-based catalyst under visible LED light irradiation［J］. Applied Catalysis B：Environmental，2016，185：22-30. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.12.002
[79]	BAMBA D， ATHEBA P， ROBERT D，et al. Photocatalytic degradation of the diuron pesticide［J］. Environmental Chemistry Letters，2008，6（3）：163-167. doi:10.1007/s10311-007-0118-x
[80]	FANG Guodong， DIONYSIOU D D， ZHOU Dongmei，et al. Transformation of polychlorinated biphenyls by persulfate at ambient temperature［J］. Chemosphere，2013，90（5）：1573-1580. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.047
[81]	ZHOU Lei， FERRONATO C， CHOVELON J M，et al. Investigations of diatrizoate degradation by photo-activated persulfate［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2017，311：28-36. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2016.11.066
[82]	HAZIME R， NGUYEN Q H， FERRONATO C，et al. Optimization of imazalil removal in the system UV/TiO₂/K₂S₂O₈ using a response surface methodology（RSM）［J］. Applied Catalysis B：Environmental，2013，132：519-526. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.12.021
[83]	DENG Jing， GE Yongjian， TAN Chaoqun，et al. Degradation of ciprofloxacin using α-MnO₂ activated peroxymonosulfate process：Effect of water constituents，degradation intermediates and toxicity evaluation［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2017，330：1390-1400. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.137
[84]	HU Limin， ZHANG Guangshan， LIU Meng，et al. Enhanced degradation of Bisphenol A（BPA） by peroxymonosulfate with Co₃O₄-Bi₂O₃ catalyst activation：Effects of pH，inorganic anions，and water matrix［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2018，338：300-310. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2018.01.016
[85]	ZHU Zhexin， MA Xiaoji， SHANG Zhiguo，et al. Effect of chloride ion on oxidation of carbamazepine by simulated sunlight activation of peroxymonosulfate［J］. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae，2021，41（6）：2131-2137.
[86]	MA Jie， YANG Yongqi， JIANG X，et al. Impacts of inorganic anions and natural organic matter on thermally activated persulfate oxidation of BTEX in water［J］. Chemosphere，2018，190：296-306. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.148
[87]	BI Wenlong， WU Yanlin， WANG Xiaoning，et al. Degradation of oxytetracycline with SO₄ ^·- under simulated solar light［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2016，302：811-818. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2016.05.075
[88]	QI Chengdu， LIU Xitao， MA Jun，et al. Activation of peroxymonosulfate by base：Implications for the degradation of organic pollutants［J］. Chemosphere，2016，151：280-288. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.089
[89]	GUAN Kai， SHEN Tingting， SUN Jing，et al. Investigations on the characteristics and applications of nitrate ions in aquatic environment［J］. Journal of Qilu University of Technology，2019，33（1）：48-52.
[90]	GAO Xu， ZHANG Qi， YANG Ziyi，et al. Formation of nitrophenolic byproducts during UV-activated peroxydisulfate oxidation in the presence of nitrate［J］. ACS ES&T Engineering，2022，2（2）：222-231. doi:10.1021/acsestengg.1c00356
[91]	SATIZABAL-GÓMEZ V， COLLAZOS-BOTERO M A， SERNA-GALVIS E A，et al. Effect of the presence of inorganic ions and operational parameters on free cyanide degradation by ultraviolet C activation of persulfate in synthetic mining wastewater［J］. Minerals Engineering，2021，170：107031. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107031
[92]	XU Xinxin， CHEN Jing， QU Ruijuan，et al. Oxidation of tris（2-chloroethyl） phosphate in aqueous solution by UV-activated peroxymonosulfate：Kinetics，water matrix effects，degradation products and reaction pathways［J］. Chemosphere，2017，185：833-843. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.090
[93]	WANG Qiongfang， SHAO Yisheng， GAO Naiyun，et al. Degradation kinetics and mechanism of 2，4-di-tert-butylphenol with UV/persulfate［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal，2016，304：201-208. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2016.06.092

氧化体系	污染物	实验条件	波长/nm	反应时间/min	去除率/%	参考文献
UV/PDS	磺胺甲氧嗪（SMP）	［SMP］₀=0.025 mmol/L、［PDS］₀=1 mmol/L、pH₀=7.0	254	10	91	〔15〕
UV/PDS	克他命（KET）	［KET］₀=100 μg/L、［PDS］₀=0.5 mmol/L、pH₀=7.0	254	30	100	〔16〕
UV/PDS	氯霉素（CAP）	［CAP］₀=31 μmol/L、［PDS］₀=0.25 mmol/L、pH₀=7.0	254	60	100	〔17〕
UV/PDS	土霉素（OTC）	［OTC］₀=11.25 μmol/L、［PDS］₀=0.2 mmol/L、pH₀=3.7	254	600	100	〔13〕
UV/PMS	邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DEP）	［DEP］₀=0.4 mmol/L、［PMS］₀=10 mmol/L、pH₀=7.0	254	10	98	〔18〕
UV/PMS	二氯二腈（DCAN）	［DCAN］₀=2 μmol/L、［PMS］₀=0.3 mmol/L、pH₀=7.0	254	10	80	〔19〕
UV/PMS	氟甲喹（FLU）	［FLU］₀=3.04 μmol/L、［PMS］₀≈0.003 04 mmol/L、pH₀=7.0	365	60	100	〔20〕
UV/PMS	林丹（Lindane）	［Lindane］₀=3.43 μmol/L、［PMS］₀=0.25 mmol/L、pH₀=5.8	254	180	92	〔21〕

氧化体系	污染物	实验条件	波长/nm	反应时间/min	去除率/%	参考文献
UV/PDS	磺胺甲氧嗪（SMP）	［SMP］₀=0.025 mmol/L、［PDS］₀=1 mmol/L、pH₀=7.0	254	10	91	〔15〕
UV/PDS	克他命（KET）	［KET］₀=100 μg/L、［PDS］₀=0.5 mmol/L、pH₀=7.0	254	30	100	〔16〕
UV/PDS	氯霉素（CAP）	［CAP］₀=31 μmol/L、［PDS］₀=0.25 mmol/L、pH₀=7.0	254	60	100	〔17〕
UV/PDS	土霉素（OTC）	［OTC］₀=11.25 μmol/L、［PDS］₀=0.2 mmol/L、pH₀=3.7	254	600	100	〔13〕
UV/PMS	邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DEP）	［DEP］₀=0.4 mmol/L、［PMS］₀=10 mmol/L、pH₀=7.0	254	10	98	〔18〕
UV/PMS	二氯二腈（DCAN）	［DCAN］₀=2 μmol/L、［PMS］₀=0.3 mmol/L、pH₀=7.0	254	10	80	〔19〕
UV/PMS	氟甲喹（FLU）	［FLU］₀=3.04 μmol/L、［PMS］₀≈0.003 04 mmol/L、pH₀=7.0	365	60	100	〔20〕
UV/PMS	林丹（Lindane）	［Lindane］₀=3.43 μmol/L、［PMS］₀=0.25 mmol/L、pH₀=5.8	254	180	92	〔21〕

氧化体系	污染物	实验条件	波长/nm	时间/min	去除率/%	参考文献
vis/CQDs/β-Fe₂O₃/PDS	磺胺甲唑（SMX）	［催化剂］₀=0.2 g/L、［SMX］₀=10 mg/L、［PDS］₀=2 mmol/L	455	120	95	〔30〕
vis/CuFe氧化物/PDS	2，4-二氯酚（2，4-DCP）	［催化剂］₀=0.2 g/L、［2，4-DCP］₀=50 μmol/L、［PDS］₀=0.2 mmol/L	400~800	120	100	〔23〕
vis/Fe₂（MoO₄）₃/PDS	4-氯酚（4-CP）	［催化剂］₀=1.0 g/L、［4-CP］₀=10 mg/L、［PDS］₀=4 mmol/L	>420	90	100	〔31〕
太阳光/FePcCl₁₆/PMS	卡马西平（CBZ）	［催化剂］₀=0.1 g/L、［CBZ］₀=10 mmol/L、［PMS］₀=0.3 mmol/L	>420	60	96	〔32〕
vis/FeTiO₃/PDS	四环素（TC）	［催化剂］₀=0.1 g/L、［TC］₀=20 mg/L、［PDS］₀=2 mmol/L	>420	60	100	〔33〕
vis/MIL-100（Fe）/PDS	磺胺甲唑（SMX）	［催化剂］₀=0.5 g/L、［SMX］₀=10 mg/L、［PDS］₀=5 mmol/L	>420	180	98.9	〔34〕
vis/MIL-88A（Fe）/PDS	四环素（TC）	［催化剂］₀=0.25 g/L、［TC］₀=200 mg/L、［PDS］₀=4 mmol/L	420~780	80	100	〔35〕
vis/MoS₂/CoFe₂O₄/PMS	诺氟沙星（NFX）	［催化剂］₀=1.0 g/L、［NFX］₀=15 mg/L、［PMS］₀=0.1 mmol/L	>420	15	95	〔26〕
vis/MIL-53（Fe）/PMS	罗丹明B（RhB）	［催化剂］₀=0.2 g/L、［RhB］₀=40 mg/L、［PMS］₀=0.6 mmol/L	420	20	97.6	〔36〕
vis/MIL-53（Fe）/PDS	酸性橙7（AO7）	［催化剂］₀=0.6 g/L、［AO7］₀=0.05 mmol/L、［PDS］₀=2 mmol/L	455	90	98.8	〔37〕
vis/C₃N₄@MnFe₂O₄-石墨烯/PDS	甲硝唑（MNZ）	［催化剂］₀=1.0 g/L、［MNZ］₀=20 mg/L、［PDS］₀=100 mmol/L	>400	60	94.5	〔38〕

氧化体系	污染物	实验条件	波长/nm	时间/min	去除率/%	参考文献
vis/CQDs/β-Fe₂O₃/PDS	磺胺甲唑（SMX）	［催化剂］₀=0.2 g/L、［SMX］₀=10 mg/L、［PDS］₀=2 mmol/L	455	120	95	〔30〕
vis/CuFe氧化物/PDS	2，4-二氯酚（2，4-DCP）	［催化剂］₀=0.2 g/L、［2，4-DCP］₀=50 μmol/L、［PDS］₀=0.2 mmol/L	400~800	120	100	〔23〕
vis/Fe₂（MoO₄）₃/PDS	4-氯酚（4-CP）	［催化剂］₀=1.0 g/L、［4-CP］₀=10 mg/L、［PDS］₀=4 mmol/L	>420	90	100	〔31〕
太阳光/FePcCl₁₆/PMS	卡马西平（CBZ）	［催化剂］₀=0.1 g/L、［CBZ］₀=10 mmol/L、［PMS］₀=0.3 mmol/L	>420	60	96	〔32〕
vis/FeTiO₃/PDS	四环素（TC）	［催化剂］₀=0.1 g/L、［TC］₀=20 mg/L、［PDS］₀=2 mmol/L	>420	60	100	〔33〕
vis/MIL-100（Fe）/PDS	磺胺甲唑（SMX）	［催化剂］₀=0.5 g/L、［SMX］₀=10 mg/L、［PDS］₀=5 mmol/L	>420	180	98.9	〔34〕
vis/MIL-88A（Fe）/PDS	四环素（TC）	［催化剂］₀=0.25 g/L、［TC］₀=200 mg/L、［PDS］₀=4 mmol/L	420~780	80	100	〔35〕
vis/MoS₂/CoFe₂O₄/PMS	诺氟沙星（NFX）	［催化剂］₀=1.0 g/L、［NFX］₀=15 mg/L、［PMS］₀=0.1 mmol/L	>420	15	95	〔26〕
vis/MIL-53（Fe）/PMS	罗丹明B（RhB）	［催化剂］₀=0.2 g/L、［RhB］₀=40 mg/L、［PMS］₀=0.6 mmol/L	420	20	97.6	〔36〕
vis/MIL-53（Fe）/PDS	酸性橙7（AO7）	［催化剂］₀=0.6 g/L、［AO7］₀=0.05 mmol/L、［PDS］₀=2 mmol/L	455	90	98.8	〔37〕
vis/C₃N₄@MnFe₂O₄-石墨烯/PDS	甲硝唑（MNZ）	［催化剂］₀=1.0 g/L、［MNZ］₀=20 mg/L、［PDS］₀=100 mmol/L	>400	60	94.5	〔38〕

氧化体系	污染物	实验条件	波长/nm	时间/min	去除率/%	参考文献
vis/Co₃O₄-g-C₃N₄/PMS	双氯芬酸（DCF）	［催化剂］₀=0.5 g/L、［DCF］₀=10 mg/L、［PMS］₀=0.1 mmol/L	>420	30	100	〔40〕
vis/Co₃O₄/Bi₂MoO₆/PMS	诺氟沙星（NFX）	［催化剂］₀=0.5 g/L、［NFX］₀=10 mg/L、［PMS］₀≈1.31 mmol/L	>420	30	87.86	〔41〕
vis/Co-g-C₃N₄/PMS	罗丹明B（RhB）	［催化剂］₀=0.4 g/L、［RhB］₀=10 mg/L、［PMS］₀=0.1 mmol/L	>410	25	70.5	〔42〕
vis/Co₃O₄/Bi₂WO₆/PMS	环丙沙星（CIP）	［催化剂］₀=0.5 g/L、［CIP］₀=10 mg/L、［PMS］₀=0.2 mmol/L	>420	5	86.2	〔43〕
vis/Ag₂S/Co₃O₄/PMS	基本绿1（BG1）	［催化剂］₀=0.5 g/L、［BG1］₀=50 mg/L、［PMS］₀≈0.66 mmol/L		20	99	〔44〕
vis/CoAl-LDH/g-C₃N₄/PMS	磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）	［催化剂］₀=0.1 g/L、［SDZ］₀=10 μmol/L、［PMS］₀=10 mmol/L		15	87.1	〔45〕
UV/CuCoFe-C-LDH/PMS	甲氧嘧啶（TMP）	［催化剂］₀=0.1 g/L、［TMP］₀=5 mg/L、［PMS］₀=0.5 mmol/L		60	96.5	〔46〕
vis/Co₃Mn-LDH/rGA/PDS	甲硝哒唑（MTZ）	［催化剂］₀=0.5 g/L、［MTZ］₀=0.02 g/L、［PDS］₀≈6.3 mmol/L	>420	40	84.6	〔47〕

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容